Vascular Intervention

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Trauma

Cardiac Surgery

Orthopedics

Endo-Surgery

Diagnostics

ENT

Vascular Intervention

Generic

Angiographic Imaging

Imaging technique used to visualize 
blood vessels and detect 
abnormalities.

Angioplasty

A procedure to widen narrowed or 
obstructed arteries using a balloon 
catheter.

Anticoagulation Therapy

Use of medications to prevent blood 
clot formation and reduce the risk 
of thromboembolic events.

Arterial Access

Establishing access to an artery for 
diagnostic or therapeutic 
procedures.

Arterial Occlusion

Blockage of an artery that impedes 
blood flow to tissues or organs.

Atherosclerosis

The buildup of fatty deposits on the 
inner walls of arteries, leading to 
reduced blood flow.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A congenital defect characterized 
by a hole in the atrial septum.

B

alloon Deflation

Process of deflating a balloon after 
it has been used to widen a vessel.

Balloon Inflation

Process of expanding a balloon 
within a vessel to open or widen a 
blockage.

C

ardiac Catheterization

Procedure to diagnose and treat 
heart 
conditions by inserting a catheter 
into the heart or blood vessels.

Cardiovascular Devices

Medical devices used to diagnose or 
treat cardiovascular conditions, 
such as stents and pacemakers. 

Catheterization

The insertion of a catheter into a 
blood 
vessel to diagnose or treat 
conditions.

Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO)

Complete blockage of an artery that 
has persisted for a long time.

Clinical Trials

Research studies conducted to 
evaluate the effectiveness and 
safety of medical treatments or 
devices.

Coarctation of the Aorta

Narrowing of the aorta that 
impedes blood flow, often requiring 
surgical repair.

Congenital Heart Defects

Abnormalities in the heart structure 
present at birth, affecting its 
function.

Congenital Heart Disease

Heart conditions present at birth 
that affect the structure and 
function of the heart.

Coronary Angiography

Imaging technique used to visualize 
the coronary arteries and assess 
blood flow.

03

A

ccess Sheath

A tube inserted 
into a blood vessel 
to provide access 
for other devices 
or procedures.

Vascular Intervention

Generic

Coronary Artery Disease 
(CAD)

Narrowing or blockage of the 
coronary arteries due to 
atherosclerosis, leading to reduced 
blood flow to the heart.

Coronary Intervention

Procedures aimed at treating 
coronary artery disease, such as 
angioplasty or stenting.

Coronary Revascularization

Surgical procedures to restore 
blood flow to the heart muscle, 
typically through CABG or 
angioplasty.

D

evice Maintenance

Ongoing care and servicing of 
medical devices to ensure their 
proper function.

Device Performance

Evaluation of how well a medical 
device functions in clinical settings.

Device Selection Criteria

Standards and factors used to 
choose appropriate medical devices 
for specific procedures or 
conditions.

Device Sterilization

Process of cleaning and disinfecting 
medical devices to prevent 
infection.

E

mbolization

Procedure to block a blood vessel to 
stop bleeding or to treat abnormal 
blood flow.

Endarterectomy

Surgical procedure to remove 
plaque from the inside of an artery 
to restore blood flow.

Endovenous Ablation

Minimally invasive procedure to 
destroy abnormal veins using heat 
or laser energy.

Endovenous Laser Therapy 
(EVLT)

A minimally invasive procedure 
using laser energy to treat varicose 
veins.

F

ractional Flow Reserve (FFR)

Measurement of blood flow through 
a coronary artery to determine the 
severity of blockage.

G

uide Catheter

A catheter used to navigate and 
guide other devices into the 
vascular system.

Guidewire

A thin, flexible wire used to guide a 
catheter or other medical device 
into place.

H

emodynamic Monitoring

Continuous measurement of the 
heart's performance and blood flow 
parameters.

Hemodynamic Support

Techniques or devices used to assist 
or support the heart's function.

I

nfection Prevention

Measures taken to prevent 
infections during and 
after medical 
procedures.

04

Vascular Intervention

Generic

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump 
(IABP)

A device that helps the heart pump 
blood by inflating and deflating a 
balloon in the aorta.

Intracoronary Shunt

A device placed within a coronary 
artery to maintain blood flow during 
certain procedures.

Intraoperative Imaging

Imaging used during surgery to 
guide procedures and assess results 
in real-time.

Intravascular Ultrasound 
(IVUS)

Imaging technique that uses 
ultrasound to visualize the inside of 
blood vessels.

O

ptical Coherence 

Tomography (OCT)

High-resolution imaging technique 
used to visualize the inner layers of 
blood vessels.

P

atent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

A persistent opening between the 
heart’s atria that usually closes after 
birth.

Patient Outcomes

The results or impacts of medical 
treatments or interventions on a 
patient’s health.

Pericardial Patch

Surgical material used to repair or 
reinforce the pericardium, the 
membrane surrounding the heart.

Peripheral Arterial Disease 
(PAD)

A condition where arteries in the 
legs are narrowed or blocked, 
leading to reduced blood flow.

Peripheral Interventions

Procedures to treat conditions 
affecting peripheral arteries and 
veins.

Peripheral Vascular 
Intervention

Procedures to 
address issues in 
peripheral arteries 
and veins, often 
including 
angioplasty and 
stenting.

Postoperative 
Monitoring

Observations and assessments 
made after surgery to ensure 
proper recovery and identify any 
complications.

Pressure Monitoring

Measurement of blood pressure 
within vessels to assess 
cardiovascular health.

Pressure Wire

A catheter with a pressure sensor 
used to measure blood pressure 
inside a blood vessel.

Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

Narrowing of the pulmonary valve, 
obstructing blood flow from the 
right ventricle to the lungs.

R

adiofrequency Ablation 

(RFA)

Procedure that uses radiofrequency 
energy to heat and destroy 
abnormal tissue, such as in varicose 
veins.

Recovery Protocols

Guidelines and procedures followed 
to facilitate patient recovery after 
surgery.

Reintervention

Additional procedures performed 
after an initial treatment to address 

05

Vascular Intervention

Generic

complications or incomplete results.

S

eptal Occluder

Device used to close a hole in the
heart’s septum, such as a septal
defect.

Surgical Innovation

Development of new techniques or
technologies to improve surgical
outcomes.

Surgical Mesh

A device used to
reinforce or repair
weakened or
damaged tissues
during surgery.

Surgical
Technique

Methods and
procedures used during surgery to
achieve optimal results.

T

hrombectomy

Procedure to remove a blood clot
from a blood vessel.

V

ascular Access

The establishment of access to the
vascular system for diagnostic or
therapeutic procedures.

Vascular Closure Device

Device used to seal the access site
in a blood vessel after a procedure.

Vascular Graft

A synthetic or biological material
used to bypass or repair a damaged
blood vessel.

Vascular Health

The overall condition and function
of the blood vessels in the body.

Vascular Intervention

Procedures to treat conditions
affecting blood vessels, including
arteries and veins.

Vascular Reconstruction

Surgical procedure to restore or
improve the function of blood
vessels.

Venous Access

Establishing access to a vein for
diagnostic or therapeutic
procedures.

Vascular Intervention

Coronary

A

cute Coronary Syndrome

(ACS)

A range of conditions resulting from
sudden reduced blood flow to the
heart.

Angiographic Imaging

Imaging technique used to visualize
blood vessels and their

abnormalities.

Angiographic Result

The outcome of angiographic
imaging, indicating the state of
blood vessels.

06

Vascular Intervention

Coronary

Angiographic Success

Achievement of desired results as
seen in angiographic imaging after a
procedure.

Angioplasty Balloon

A balloon used in angioplasty to
widen narrowed arteries.

Antithrombotic Therapy

Treatment aimed at preventing or
dissolving blood clots.

Atherectomy

Removal of atherosclerotic plaque
from an artery.

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of fatty deposits in the
arteries, leading to reduced blood
flow.

B

alloon Angioplasty

A procedure where a balloon is
inflated inside a narrowed artery to
restore blood flow.

Balloon Catheter

A catheter with an inflatable balloon
used to widen narrowed arteries.

Balloon Catheter Shaft

The central part of a balloon
catheter through which it is inserted
into the vessel.

Balloon Compliance

The ability of a balloon to expand to
a specified diameter under
pressure.

Balloon Crossing Profile

The ability of a balloon to pass

through narrow or obstructed
vessels.

Balloon Deflation

Collapsing and removing the
balloon catheter after treatment.

Balloon Diameter

The width of a balloon catheter
when inflated.

Balloon Dilatation

The process of expanding a balloon
inside a vessel to treat a blockage.

Balloon Inflation

Expanding a balloon catheter inside
a blood vessel to open it.

Balloon Length

The length of the balloon catheter
from tip to base.

Balloon Profile

Characteristics of a balloon
catheter, including its size and
shape.

Balloon Rupture

Failure of a balloon catheter due to
excessive pressure, leading to its
burst.

Balloon Trackability

The ease with which a balloon
catheter can be navigated through
blood vessels.

Bare-Metal Stent (BMS)

A stent made of metal with no drug
coating.

Bioabsorbable Scaffold

A temporary vascular scaffold that
gradually dissolves after supporting
the artery.

Biodegradable Polymer

A polymer used in stents that
breaks down naturally over time.

C

alcified Lesion

A type of plaque in the arteries
hardened by calcium buildup.

07

Vascular Intervention

Coronary

Catheter-Based Therapy

Treatments delivered through a
catheter to address vascular issues.

Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO)

Complete blockage of a
coronaryartery for at least three
months.

Coronary Artery

An artery supplying blood to the
heart muscle.

Coronary Artery Bypass
Grafting (CABG)

A surgical procedure that creates a
bypass around blocked coronary
arteries.

Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD)

A condition where coronary arteries
are narrowed or blocked, reducing
blood flow to the heart.

Coronary Artery Spasm

Temporary narrowing of a coronary
artery due to contraction of the
vessel wall.

Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR)

The ability of a coronary artery to
increase blood flow in response to
increased demand.

Coronary Revascularization

Restoration of blood flow to the
heart muscle through surgical or
catheter-based methods.

D

istal Protection Device

A device used to protect the distal
part of a vessel from debris during
intervention.

Drug-Coated Balloon (DCB)

A balloon coated with medication to
reduce restenosis and improve
outcomes.

Drug-Eluting Stent (DES)

A stent coated with medication to
prevent artery re-narrowing.

Dual-Antiplatelet Therapy
(DAPT)

The use of two different antiplatelet
medications to prevent blood clots
after stent placement.

Dual-Lumen Catheter

A catheter with two separate
channels for simultaneous delivery
of fluids or medications.

E

dge Dissection

Damage to the artery at the edge of
a stent, which can lead to
complications.

Elective PCI

Non-emergency PCI planned for
stable coronary artery disease.

Endothelialization

Growth of endothelial cells over a
stent to restore the vessel lining.

Endovascular Procedure

Medical interventions performed
within blood vessels using catheter-
based techniques.

F

emoral Access

Accessing the arterial system
through the groin.

Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)

A measurement of blood flow and
pressure to assess the severity of
artery blockages.

G

uide Catheter

A catheter used to guide other

08

Vascular Intervention

Coronary

devices to the site of intervention.

Guide Catheter Backup

Additional support provided by a
guide catheter during complex
interventions.

Guidewire

A thin, flexible wire used to guide
the placement of catheters and
stents.

I

n-Stent Restenosis (ISR)

Re-narrowing of an artery at the
site of a previously placed stent.

Intravascular Ultrasound
(IVUS)

An imaging technique using
ultrasound to visualize the inside of
blood vessels.

Ischemia

Reduced blood flow to tissues,
leading to oxygen deprivation.

K

issing Balloon Technique

Simultaneous inflation of balloons in
adjacent arteries to optimize stent
placement.

L

esion Coverage

The extent to which a stent or
balloon covers a lesion in a blood
vessel.

Lesion Morphology

The shape and characteristics of a
blockage or plaque in a vessel.

Lesion Preparation

The process of preparing a blood
vessel lesion for intervention.

M

etallic Scaffold

A metal framework used to support
a vessel wall during and after stent
deployment.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attack caused by blocked
blood flow to the heart muscle.

N

on-Compliant Balloon

A balloon that does not expand
beyond its nominal size regardless
of pressure applied.

O

ptical Coherence

Tomography (OCT)

An imaging technique using light to
capture high-resolution images of
blood vessels.

Over-the-Wire (OTW) System

A catheter system where the
catheter is threaded over a
guidewire for placement.

P

ercutaneous Coronary

Intervention (PCI)

A catheter-based procedure to treat
narrowed coronary arteries.

Percutaneous Transluminal
Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)

A procedure to open blocked
coronary arteries using a balloon
catheter.

Plaque Burden

The amount of atherosclerotic
plaque present in a blood vessel.

Plaque Burden

The amount of atherosclerotic
plaque present in a blood vessel.

Plaque Debulking

The process of
removing a
significant
amount of
plaque from a
vessel.

09

Vascular Intervention

Coronary

Plaque Eccentricity

The uneven distribution of plaque
around the circumference of a
vessel.

Plaque Modification

Techniques used to alter or remove
atherosclerotic plaque to improve
blood flow.

Plaque Rupture

Breaking of atherosclerotic plaque
in artery, potentially leading to clot
formation.

Post-Dilatation

Additional balloon inflation
performed after stent deployment
to ensure optimal results.

Procedural Success

Successful completion of a
procedure with expected outcomes.

Proximal Optimization
Technique (POT)

A technique to improve stent
apposition by inflating a balloon
proximal to the stent.

R

adial Access

Accessing the arterial system
through the wrist.

Rapid Exchange (RX) System

A catheter system allowing for
quick exchange of catheters over a
single guidewire.

Rescue PCI

PCI performed to address
complications after an initial
angioplasty.

Restenosis

Re-narrowing of an artery after a
procedure to open it.

S

caffold

A supportive structure used in
vascular interventions to maintain
vessel patency.

Scaffold Resorption

The process by which a
bioabsorbable scaffold is gradually
broken down and absorbed by the
body.

Semi-Compliant Balloon

A balloon that expands slightly
beyond its nominal size when
pressure is applied.

Side Branch Protection

Techniques used to safeguard side
branches of a vessel during stent
placement.

Stent

A small mesh tube inserted into an
artery to keep it open.

Stent Apposition

Proper placement of a stent against
the vessel wall.

Stent Coating

A layer applied to a stent to improve
its performance or deliver
medication.

Stent Coverage

The extent to which a stent covers a
lesion or blockage.

Stent Deployment

Placing a stent inside a vessel to
keep it open.

Stent Diameter

The width of a stent when fully

Pre-Dilatation

Balloon inflation
performed before
stent placement to
prepare the vessel.

Pressure Wire

A wire used to measure
pressure changes within
a blood vessel during PCI.

Primary PCI

Emergency PCI performed

during a heart attack to restore

blood flow.

10

expanded.

Stent Expansion

The process of enlarging a stent to
fit the artery.

Stent Fracture

A break or crack in a stent that can
affect its function.

Stent Length

The length of a stent when deployed
in the vessel.

Stent Placement

Insertion of a stent into a blood
vessel to keep it open.

Stent Platform

The basic structure or design of a
stent upon which coatings or
modifications may be added.

Stent Retraction

The process of a stent moving back
from its intended position,
potentially compromising
treatment.

Stent Scaffold

The framework of a stent that
supports the artery and maintains
its patency.

Stent Struts

The individual metal components of
a stent providing structural
support.

Stent Thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot within
a stent, potentially causing
blockage.

Stent Visibility

The clarity with which a stent
can be seen on imaging devices.

T

hrombectomy

Removal of a blood clot from a
blood vessel.

Thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot inside a
blood vessel.

V

ascular Lumen

The internal space within a blood
vessel through which blood flows.

W

ire Bias

Tendency of a
guide wire to
favor one
direction within
a vessel.

Vascular Intervention

Coronary

Vascular Intervention

Congenital Heart

A

mplatzer Device

A brand of occluders and other
devices used for congenital heart
defects.

Aneurysm

An abnormal bulge or ballooning in
the wall of a blood vessel.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A hole in the wall (septum) between
the two upper chambers
of the heart.

11

Vascular Intervention

Congenital Heart

Atrial Septum

The wall that separates the left and
right atria of the heart.

Atrial Septum Anatomy

The structure and features of the
septum dividing the atria of the
heart.

B

alloon Dilatation

A procedure using
a balloon to expand
narrowed or
obstructed blood
vessels.

Balloon-Assisted
Technique

A method where a balloon is used to
facilitate the placement or
adjustment of a device.

Balloon-Tipped Catheter

A catheter with a balloon at its tip
used for various diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures.

C

ardiac Anatomy

The study of the structure and
function of the heart.

Cardiac Apex

The tip of the heart, directed
downward and to the left.

Cardiac Catheterization

A procedure where a catheter is
inserted into the heart to diagnose
and treat cardiovascular conditions.

Cardiac Chambers

The four compartments of the
heart: two atria and two ventricles.

Cardiac Defect

Any structural abnormality in the
heart present at birth.

Cardiac Imaging

Techniques used to visualize the
heart's structure and function.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood pumped by the
heart per minute.

Cardiac Rhythm

The pattern of heartbeats and
electrical impulses in the heart.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

A technique where a machine
temporarily takes over the function
of the heart and lungs during
surgery.

Cardiovascular Anatomy

The study of the heart and blood
vessels and their functions.

Cardiovascular Device

A medical device used in the
treatment or diagnosis of
cardiovascular conditions.

Closure Device

A device used to close or seal an
abnormal opening in the heart.

Congenital Defect

An abnormality in the heart present
from birth.

Congenital Heart Disease
(CHD)

A range of heart defects present at
birth affecting heart structure and
function.

D

elivery Catheter

A catheter used to place and deliver
a medical device to its target
location.

Device Closure

A procedure to close a heart defect
using an implantable device.

Device Compatibility

The ability of a device to work
effectively with other devices
or within specific conditions.

Device Confirmation

Verification of the proper
placement and function of a

12

medical device.

Device Deployment

The process of positioning and
releasing a medical device into the
target area.

Device Deployment Accuracy

Precision in placing and releasing a
medical device at the intended site.

Device Deployment
Handle

A component used to
deploy or release a
device during a procedure.

Device Erosion

Gradual wear or breakdown of a
device within the body.

Device Fracture

A break or crack in a medical device
affecting its function.

Device Implantation

The process of inserting and placing
a medical device within the body.

Device Integrity

The overall condition and
functionality of a device.

Device Lifespan

The expected duration of
functionality of a medical device.

Device Longevity

The duration for which a medical
device remains functional and
effective.

Device Manufacturer

The company or entity that
produces and supplies medical
devices.

Device Migration

Movement of a medical
device from its intended
position.

Device Orientation

The positioning of a device
relative to its target area.

Device Oversizing

Choosing a device larger than
needed to ensure proper fit or
function.

Device Positioning

Adjusting the location of a device to
ensure optimal placement.

Device Recapture

The process of retrieving a deployed
device to reposition or remove it.

Device Release Mechanism

The mechanism by which a device is
deployed and released from its

Vascular Intervention

Congenital Heart

13

delivery system.

Device Repositioning

Adjusting the position of a device
after initial placement.

Device Retention

The ability of a device to stay
securely in place after implantation.

Device Retrieval

The process of removing a medical
device from the body after it has
been used.

Device Safety

Measures and attributes ensuring
that a device does not cause harm.

Device Sizing

Determining the appropriate size of
a device for implantation or use.

Device Undersizing

Choosing a device smaller than
needed, potentially leading to
inadequate function.

Device Visibility

The ability to clearly see and
monitor a device during a procedure
using imaging techniques.

E

chocardiography

An imaging technique using
ultrasound to visualize heart
structures and function.

Embolization

The process of blocking a blood
vessel using an embolic material.

Endocardial Surface

The inner lining of the heart
chambers and valves.

Endovascular Access

Gaining entry into the vascular
system for the purpose of
performing interventions.

Endovascular Occlusion

The closure of a blood vessel or
vessel defect using an endovascular
device.

Endovascular Procedure

Medical procedures performed
within blood vessels using a
catheter-based approach.

Endovascular Technique

Minimally invasive procedures
performed inside blood vessels
using catheters.

F

emoral Vein

A large vein in the thigh used for
vascular access.

Fluoroscopy

An imaging technique that uses X-
rays to obtain real-time moving
images of the internal structures.

G

uidewire

A thin wire used to guide the
placement of other medical devices
during procedures.

H

eart Murmur

An abnormal
sound heard
during a
heartbeat,
often
caused by
turbulent
blood flow.

Heart Valve

Structures in
the heart that
regulate blood flow
between chambers.

Hemodynamic Stability

The maintenance of stable blood
flow and pressure throughout the
cardiovascular system.

I

mplant Procedure

A procedure to place a device or

Vascular Intervention

Congenital Heart

14

implant into the body.

Interatrial Septum

The wall separating the left and
right atria of the heart.

Interventional Cardiology

A branch of cardiology dealing with
catheter-based treatments for
heart conditions.

Intracardiac Echocardiography
(ICE)

An imaging technique using a
catheter with an ultrasound probe
to visualize the heart from within.

Intraventricular Septum

The wall separating the left and
right ventricles of the heart.

J

ugular Vein

A vein in the neck used for accessing
the venous system.

L

eft Atrium

The upper left chamber of the heart
that receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs.

Left Ventricle

The lower left chamber of the heart
that pumps oxygenated blood to the
rest of the body.

M

itral Valve

The valve between the left atrium
and left ventricle of the heart.

O

ccluder

A device used to block or close an
abnormal opening in the heart.

P

aravalvular Leak

Leakage of blood around a heart
valve implant.

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

A persistent opening between the
atria that fails to close after birth.

Percutaneous Approach

A method of accessing the body
through the skin using a needle or
catheter.

Percutaneous Occlusion

Blocking of a blood vessel or defect
through a minimally invasive
procedure.

Post-Procedure Monitoring

Observing and assessing a patient's
condition after a medical procedure.

Pulmonary Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure in the
arteries of the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins

The veins that carry oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left
atrium of the heart.

R

esidual Defect

An incomplete closure or
persistence of a defect after
treatment.

Residual Shunt

Persistent abnormal blood flow
through an opening after closure.

Right Atrium

The upper right chamber of the
heart that receives deoxygenated
blood from the body.

Right Ventricle

Vascular Intervention

Congenital Heart

15

The lower right chamber of the
heart that pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs.

S

eptal Aneurysm

A bulge in the septum between the
heart chambers, often associated
with a defect.

Septal Edge

The border or margin of a septal
defect or repair site.

Septal Occluder

A device implanted to close a septal
defect in the heart.

Septal Patch

A material used to repair or cover a
septal defect.

Septal Wall

The wall of tissue dividing the
heart's chambers.

Septum Primum

The first part of the atrial septum to
develop during fetal life.

Septum Secundum

The second part of the atrial septum
that forms after the septum
primum.

Shunt

An abnormal connection between
two heart chambers or vessels that
allows blood to flow
inappropriately.

Stent

A small mesh tube inserted into a
vessel to keep it open.

Stent Delivery System

A system used to deploy a stent
within a blood vessel or heart
chamber.

T

hrombosis

Formation of a blood clot within a
blood vessel.

Transcatheter Device

A device used in procedures
performed via a catheter inserted
into the body.

Transesophageal
Echocardiogram (TEE)

An ultrasound test where a probe is
inserted into the esophagus to
obtain detailed heart images.

Tricuspid Valve

The valve between the right atrium
and right ventricle of the heart.

V

ascular Access

The method used to gain access to
the vascular system for medical
procedures.

Vascular Sheath

A tube inserted into a blood vessel
to provide access for other
instruments.

Ventricular Septal Defect
(VSD)

A hole in the wall (septum) between
the two lower chambers of the
heart.

Vascular Intervention

Congenital Heart

16

A

ngiography

An imaging technique that uses X-
rays and contrast dye to visualize
blood vessels.

Annular Size

The measurement of the valve
annulus to ensure proper fitting of a
prosthetic valve.

Annulus

The ring-like structure that
supports and holds a heart valve in
place.

Anticoagulation Therapy

Treatment aimed at reducing blood
clot formation.

Aortic Regurgitation

A condition where the aortic valve
does not close properly, allowing
blood to flow backward.

Aortic Root

The section of the aorta closest to
the heart where the aortic valve is
located.

Aortic Root Enlargement

Expansion of the aortic root, often
requiring surgical intervention.

Aortic Stenosis

Narrowing of the aortic valve
opening, restricting blood flow from
the heart.

Aortic Valve

The valve between the left ventricle
and the aorta that regulates blood
flow out of the heart.

a narrowed aortic valve using a
balloon catheter.

Balloon-Expandable Valve

A valve that is expanded and
positioned using a balloon catheter
during implantation.

Balloon-Tipped Catheter

A catheter with a balloon at its tip
used for various diagnostic and
therapeutic procedures.

Bioprosthetic Valve

A heart valve made from animal
tissue or other biological materials.

C

ardiac Catheterization

A diagnostic procedure where a
catheter is inserted into the heart to
evaluate and treat conditions.

Cardiac Conduction System

The network of specialized cells
that regulates the heart's electrical
impulses.

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood the heart
pumps per minute.

Cardiac Rehab

A program of exercise and
education to improve
cardiovascular health after heart
surgery or illness.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

A technique that temporarily takes
over the heart and lung functions
during surgery.

Cardiothoracic Surgeon

A surgeon specializing in
procedures related to the heart and
chest.

Cardiovascular Surgery

Surgery related to the heart and
blood vessels.

Conduction Abnormality

Irregularities in the heart's
electrical conduction system.

Vascular Intervention

Heart Valves

Atrial Fibrillation

An irregular and often
rapid heart rhythm
originating from the
atria

B

alloon Aortic

Valvuloplasty
(BAV)

A procedure to widen

17

Coronary Ostia

The openings in the aorta where the
coronary arteries originate.

egenerative Valve Disease

D

Progressive deterioration of a heart
valve due to aging or disease.

Delivery Catheter

A catheter used to deliver and
position a medical device within the
body.

Device Recapture

The process of retrieving and
repositioning a device after initial
deployment.

Device Retrieval

The process of removing a
misplaced or malfunctioning device.

Device Sizing

Determining the appropriate size of
a device for implantation.

E

chocardiography

An ultrasound imaging technique
used to visualize heart structures
and function.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the
inner lining of the
heart, often due to
infection.

Endovascular
Procedure

Minimally invasive
procedures performed
inside blood vessels using a
catheter.

Endovascular Stenting

Placement of a stent within a blood
vessel through a catheter-based
approach.

F

emoral Access

Accessing the vascular system
through the femoral artery or vein.

Fluoroscopy

Real-time X-ray imaging used to
guide the placement of medical
devices.

H

eart Valve Repair

A procedure to correct a
malfunctioning valve without
replacing it.

Heart Valve Replacement

Surgical or catheter-based
procedure to replace a damaged
heart valve with a prosthetic valve.

Hemodynamics

The study of blood flow and the
forces involved in the
cardiovascular system.

Hybrid Operating Room

A surgical suite equipped with
imaging technologies for both
traditional and minimally invasive
procedures.

I

nterventional Cardiology

A field focusing on catheter-based
treatments for heart conditions.

Intraoperative Imaging

Imaging techniques used during
surgery to guide procedures.

L

eaflet Coaptation

The alignment and closure of the
valve leaflets to prevent
regurgitation.

Left Ventricle

The lower left chamber of the heart
that pumps oxygenated blood to the
body.

Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
(LVOT)

The passageway through which

18

Vascular Intervention

Heart Valves

blood flows from the left ventricle
into the aorta.

M

echanical Valve

A man-made heart valve made from
durable materials, designed for
long-term use.

Mitral Regurgitation

A condition where the mitral valve
leaks, allowing blood to flow
backward into the left atrium.

Mitral Valve

The valve between the left atrium
and left ventricle that ensures
unidirectional blood flow.

Mitral Valve Prolapse

A condition where the mitral valve
leaflets bulge into the left atrium
during contraction.

P

acemaker Lead

A wire that connects a pacemaker to
the heart, delivering electrical
impulses to regulate heartbeat.

Paravalvular Leak

Leakage of blood around the edges
of a valve prosthesis.

Paravalvular Regurgitation

Leakage around a valve prosthesis
causing backward blood flow.

Percutaneous Valve
Replacement

Valve replacement procedure
performed through a catheter-
based approach.

Post-Dilatation

Expanding a valve or vessel with a
balloon after initial placement.

Postoperative Monitoring

Observing a patient's condition
after surgery to ensure proper
recovery.

Pre-Dilatation

Expanding a valve or vessel with a
balloon before device implantation.

Prosthetic Valve

An artificial valve used to replace a
damaged heart valve.

Pulmonary Hypertension

Increased blood pressure in the
lungs' arteries.

Pulmonary Valve

The valve between the right
ventricle and pulmonary artery that
controls blood flow to the lungs.

R

ight Ventricle

The lower right chamber of the
heart that pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs.

Right Ventricular Outflow
Tract (RVOT)

The passageway through which
blood flows from the right ventricle
into the pulmonary artery.

S

elf-Expanding Valve

A valve that expands on its own
once deployed from its delivery
system.

Stenotic Valve

A valve that is narrowed and
restricts blood flow through it.

Structural Heart Disease

19

Vascular Intervention

Heart Valves

A group of heart conditions
involving abnormalities in the
heart's structure.

Structural Valve Deterioration

The progressive breakdown of a
prosthetic valve's structure.

Subclavian Access

Accessing the vascular system
through the subclavian artery or
vein.

Surgical Aortic Valve
Replacement (SAVR)

Traditional surgical
procedure to
replace a
diseased aortic
valve through
open-heart
surgery.

Surgical Valve
Replacement

The surgical procedure to replace a
damaged heart valve with a
prosthetic one.

T

issue Valve

A heart valve made from human or
animal tissue, used in valve
replacement.

Transapical Access

Accessing the heart through an
incision in the apex of the left
ventricle.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve
Replacement (TAVR)

A minimally invasive procedure to
replace a diseased aortic valve with
a new valve via a catheter.

Transesophageal
Echocardiogram (TEE)

An ultrasound test where a probe is
inserted into the esophagus to
obtain detailed heart images.

Tricuspid Valve

The valve between the right atrium
and right ventricle that prevents
backflow of blood.

V

alve Anchoring

Securing a valve in place to ensure
stability and proper function.

Valve Annuloplasty

procedure to repair the valve
annulus to restore proper valve
function.

Valve Calcification

The buildup of calcium deposits on a
valve, leading to reduced flexibility
and function.

Valve Commissure

The point where the leaflets of a
heart valve meet.

Valve Competence

The ability of a valve to close
properly and prevent backflow of
blood.

Valve Coronary Alignment

Ensuring that a valve is positioned
correctly relative to the coronary
arteries.

Valve Crimping

The process of compressing a valve
into a delivery catheter before
deployment.

Valve Degeneration

The progressive deterioration of a
heart valve's structure and function
over time.

Valve Deployment

The process of placing and securing
a valve in its intended position.

Valve Durability

The ability of a valve to function
effectively over time without
failure.

Valve Durability Testing

Assessing the long-term

20

Vascular Intervention

Heart Valves

performance and reliability of a
valve.

Valve Endurance

The ability of a valve to withstand
long-term use without
deterioration.

Valve Expansion

The process of enlarging a valve
after deployment to fit properly
within the heart.

Valve Gradient

The difference in pressure across a
heart valve, used to assess its
function.

Valve Hemodynamic
Performance

Evaluation of how well a valve
performs in terms of blood flow and
pressure regulation.

Valve Hemodynamics

The study of blood flow and
pressure changes across a valve.

Valve Implantation

The surgical or catheter-based
procedure to place a new valve into
the heart.

Valve Implantation Technique

The method and process of placing a
valve into the heart.

Valve Leaflet

The flap-like structures of a heart
valve that open and close to
regulate blood flow.

Valve Migration

The unintended movement of a
valve from its intended position.

Valve Oversizing

Using a valve larger than needed to
ensure a proper fit and function.

Valve Positioning

Adjusting the location of a valve to
ensure optimal placement and
function.

Valve Prosthesis

An artificial device used to replace a
damaged heart valve.

Valve Remodeling

The process of modifying a valve to
improve function or fit.

Valve Stent Frame

The supporting structure of a valve
prosthesis that holds the valve in
place.

Valve Undersizing

Using a valve smaller than needed,
potentially leading to poor function
or leakage.

Valve-in-Valve Procedure

A procedure where a new valve is
implanted inside a malfunctioning
prosthetic valve.

Vascular Access

The method of gaining entry into
the vascular system for medical
procedures.

Ventricular Septal Defect
(VSD)

A congenital defect characterized
by a hole in the ventricular septum.

Vascular Intervention

Heart Valves

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

21

+/-

Knob

Used for bi-directional bending of
the catheter tip.

A

/P Rotation Knob

Allows rotation of the catheter
anteriorly or posteriorly.

Anti-slip Bristles

Small bristles that prevent clip
slippage and improve anchoring.

Atraumatic Soft Tip

A soft tip that reduces risk of injury
during catheter insertion.

C

lip Sizes (SR, SW, LR, LW)

Different clip dimensions to suit
various mitral valve anatomies.

Clip-Lock Lever

Secures the clip arms once the valve
leaflets are grasped.

D

eployment Pin/Knob

Used to deploy the MyClip implant
once it is in position.

Dilator

A 20Fr instrument used to ease
catheter insertion into the body.

F

lush Port

Provides flushing to prevent clot
formation inside the catheter.

G

rasper Lever

Used to raise or lower clip graspers
for leaflet capture.

H

emostatic Valve

Prevents blood leakage during
device insertion.

Hydrophilic Coating

A slick surface on the catheter to 

Structural Heart

22

allow smooth navigation inside
blood vessels.

M

DS Console

Central unit that controls clip
movement and rotation during the
procedure.

Myclip

Transcatheter mitral valve repair
system designed for edge-to-edge
leaflet approximation.

MyClip Delivery System (MDS)

A steerable catheter-based system
designed to deliver and deploy the
MyClip device precisely at the
mitral valve leaflets during TEER
procedures.

MyClip Guide Catheter (MGC)

A flexible catheter that guides and
positions the delivery system in the
heart.

MyClip TEER System

A transcatheter system used for
edge-to-edge repair of the mitral
valve.

N

iTi Graspers

Flexible, memory-shape alloy arms
that securely hold the mitral valve
leaflets.

P

olyester Fabric Cover

Soft fabric around the clip to
support healing and stability.

R

adiopaque Ring

Visible ring under fluoroscopy for
accurate positioning.

Radiopaque Tip

Tip visible under imaging to help
with catheter placement.

Rotary Wheel

Opens and closes the clip arms at
specific angles.

T

orque Box

Transfers torque from the
operator's hand to the distal tip of
the device.

23

Structural Heart

A

cute Limb Ischemia

Sudden reduction of blood flow to a 
limb, which can lead to tissue 
damage.

Angioplasty

A procedure to widen narrowed or 
blocked blood vessels using a 
balloon catheter.

Aortic Aneurysm

An abnormal enlargement of the 
aorta that can lead to rupture if 
untreated.

Atherectomy

A procedure to remove plaque from 
arteries to restore blood flow.

Atherectomy Device

A device used to remove plaque 
from blood vessels during 
atherectomy.

B

alloon Angioplasty

A type of angioplasty where a 
balloon is inflated to widen a 
narrowed artery.

Balloon Catheter

A catheter with a balloon at its tip 
used for dilation of blood vessels.

Balloon Compliance

The ability of a balloon to expand 
uniformly under pressure.

Balloon Compliance Chart

A chart showing how a balloon 
expands under different pressures.

Balloon Deflation

The process of reducing the size of a 
balloon catheter after a procedure.

Balloon Diameter

The width of a balloon catheter 
when inflated.

Balloon Dilatation

The process of using a balloon to 
widen a narrowed blood vessel.

Balloon Inflation

The process of expanding a balloon 
catheter to open a narrowed blood 
vessel.

Balloon Length

The length of a balloon catheter 
used for dilation.

Balloon Rupture

The failure of a balloon to maintain 
pressure, often due to overinflation 
or material defect.

Bare-Metal Stent (BMS)

A stent made of metal without a 
drug coating, used to keep arteries 
open.

C

hronic Total Occlusion (CTO)

A complete blockage of a blood 
vessel lasting for more than three 
months.

Chronic Venous Disease

Long-term condition affecting vein 
function, often causing pain, 
swelling, and varicose veins.

Claudication

Pain or cramping in the legs caused 
by insufficient blood flow during 
physical activity.

Coil Embolization

A technique where coils are used to 
occlude blood vessels or aneurysms.

Vascular Intervention

Peripheral Vascular

24

Computed Tomography 
Angiography (CTA)

An imaging technique that uses X-
rays and contrast dye to visualize 
blood vessels.

Contrast Angiography

An imaging technique that 
uses contrast dye to 
highlight blood vessels 
on X-ray.

Covered Stent

A stent covered 
with a material 
to prevent blood 
leakage or to seal an aneurysm.

Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI)

A severe form of peripheral artery 
disease causing pain and ulcers in 
the limbs due to inadequate blood 
flow.

Crossing Catheter

A catheter used to cross blockages 
in blood vessels during intervention 
procedures.

D

irectional Atherectomy

A technique using a cutting device 
to remove plaque from a specific 
direction within an artery.

Drug-Coated Balloon (DCB)

A balloon coated with medication to 
prevent restenosis when dilating a 
vessel.

Drug-Eluting Stent (DES)

A stent that releases medication to 
prevent restenosis.

Duplex Ultrasound

An imaging technique that uses 
sound waves to visualize blood flow 
and vessel structure.

E

mbolectomy

A procedure to remove an embolus 
(blood clot) from a blood vessel.

Embolic Agent

Materials used to block blood 
vessels or tumors in embolization 
procedures.

Embolic Protection Device

A device used to capture or filter 
emboli during procedures to 
prevent complications.

Embolization

A procedure to block abnormal 
blood vessels or tumors using 
materials like coils or particles.

Embolization Coil Deployment

Placing coils in blood vessels or 
aneurysms to occlude them.

Embolization Procedure

A procedure to block or occlude 
abnormal blood vessels or tumors 
using embolic agents.

Endoleak

Leakage of blood outside a stent 
graft but within the aneurysm sac.

Endovascular Aneurysm 
Repair (EVAR)

A minimally invasive procedure to 
repair an aneurysm using a stent 
graft inserted through blood 
vessels.

Endovascular Procedure

Procedures performed inside blood 
vessels using minimally invasive 
techniques.

Endovascular Therapy

Minimally invasive procedures 
performed inside blood vessels 
using catheters and other devices.

F

emoral Artery

The major artery in the thigh that 
supplies blood to the lower limb.

Flow Diverter

A device used to redirect blood flow 
away from a diseased or damaged 
vessel.

25

Vascular Intervention

Peripheral Vascular

G

uide Catheter

A catheter used to direct other 
instruments to the target site within 
a blood vessel.

Guidewire

A thin, flexible wire used to guide 
other instruments through blood 
vessels.

I

liac Artery

The arteries that supply blood to 
the pelvis and lower limbs.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter

A device placed in the inferior vena 
cava to prevent blood clots from 
traveling to the lungs.

Intravascular Ultrasound 
(IVUS)

An imaging technique using 
ultrasound within blood vessels to 
visualize their structure.

L

aser Atherectomy

A technique using a laser to 
vaporize plaque in blood vessels.

Liquid Embolic

A liquid material used to occlude 
blood vessels or abnormal growths.

M

agnetic Resonance 

Angiography (MRA)

An imaging technique using 
magnetic resonance to visualize 
blood vessels.

Microcatheter

A small, flexible catheter used to 
deliver devices or medications to 
precise locations.

N

on-Compliant Balloon

A balloon that does not expand 
significantly beyond its nominal size.

O

ver-the-Wire (OTW) 

System

A system where devices are 
advanced over a guidewire for 
precise placement.

P

ercutaneous Access

Gaining entry to a blood vessel 
through the skin using a needle or 
catheter.

Percutaneous Transluminal 
Angioplasty (PTA)

A procedure to open blocked 
arteries using a balloon catheter 
inserted through the skin.

Peripheral Artery Disease 
(PAD)

A condition where narrowed 
arteries reduce blood flow to the 
limbs.

Peripheral Balloon

A balloon catheter used to dilate 
narrowed peripheral arteries.

Peripheral Stent

A small mesh tube placed in 
peripheral arteries to keep them 
open.

Peripheral Vascular Disease 
(PVD)

A condition affecting the blood 
vessels outside the heart, 
often due to 
atherosclerosis.

Plaque Debulking

The removal of 
plaque from 
arteries to 
restore 
proper 
blood 
flow.

26

Vascular Intervention

Peripheral Vascular

Popliteal Artery

The artery located behind the knee 
that supplies blood to the lower leg.

R

adial Artery

The artery in the forearm commonly 
used for catheter access.

Rapid Exchange (RX) System

A system allowing quick exchange of 
devices over a guidewire during 
intervention.

Restenosis

Re-narrowing of a blood vessel after 
an initial treatment to open it.

Rotational Atherectomy

A technique using a rotating device 
to remove plaque from arteries.

S

aphenous Vein

A major vein in the leg that can be 
affected by varicose veins or used in 
grafts.

Semi-Compliant Balloon

A balloon that expands slightly 
beyond its nominal size but 
maintains some rigidity.

Stent Apposition

The contact and fit of a stent against 
the vessel wall after deployment.

Stent Deployment

The process of placing and 
positioning a stent in a blood vessel.

Stent Diameter

The width of a stent, which must be 
chosen to fit the targeted blood 
vessel.

Stent Endothelialization

The process of endothelial cells 
growing over a stent, integrating it 
with the vessel wall.

Stent Expansion

The increase in size of a stent to fit 
the vessel properly.

Stent Fracture

Breakage or cracking of a stent that 
can lead to loss of function or 
complications.

Stent Graft

A stent with a graft material used to 
reinforce a blood vessel wall.

Stent Length

The length of a stent, which must be 
selected based on the length of the 
vessel to be treated.

Stent Migration

The movement of a stent from its 
intended position.

Stent Placement

The process of inserting a stent into 
a blood vessel to maintain its open 
status.

Stent Radial Force

The force exerted by a stent to 
maintain vessel patency.

Stent Restenosis

The recurrence of stenosis or 
narrowing within a stent over time.

Stent Visibility

The ease with which a stent can be 
seen on imaging during and after 
placement.

Superficial Femoral Artery 
(SFA)

The main artery in the thigh that 
supplies blood to the leg.

27

Vascular Intervention

Peripheral Vascular

T

hrombectomy

A procedure to remove a blood clot 
from a blood vessel.

Thrombosis

The formation of a blood clot inside 
a blood vessel.

Tibial Artery

The arteries in the lower leg that 
supply blood to the foot.

V

aricose Veins

Enlarged, twisted veins often found 
in the legs, caused by weakened vein 
walls or valves.

Vascular Access

The method of gaining entry into 
the vascular system for medical 
procedures.

Vascular Anatomy

The structure and arrangement of 
blood vessels in the body.

Vascular Aneurysm

An abnormal bulge in the wall of a 
blood vessel due to weakness.

Vascular Closure Device

A device used to close the puncture 
site after a vascular procedure.

Vascular Coil

A coil used in embolization to 
occlude blood vessels or aneurysms.

Vascular Flow

The movement of blood 
through the vessels.

Vascular Guidewire

A flexible wire used to navigate 
and position other devices 
during vascular procedures.

Vascular Imaging

Techniques used to visualize blood 
vessels for diagnosis and treatment 
planning.

Vascular Lumen

The interior space of a blood vessel 
through which blood flows.

Vascular Malformation

Abnormal development of blood 
vessels leading to a variety of 
conditions.

Vascular Occlusion

Blockage of a blood vessel that 
impedes blood flow.

Vascular Remodeling

Changes in blood vessel structure 
and function following treatment.

Vascular Sheath

A protective covering placed over a 
catheter or device to facilitate 
insertion and withdrawal.

Vascular Stenosis

Narrowing of blood vessels that 
restricts blood flow.

Venous Insufficiency

A condition where veins cannot 
adequately return blood to the 
heart, leading to swelling and 
discomfort.

Vessel Patency

The openness and unobstructed 
state of a blood vessel.

28

Vascular Intervention

Peripheral Vascular

Anastomosis

The surgical 

connection between 

two structures, such as blood
vessels or segments of the intestine.

Aneurysm Repair

Surgical procedure to correct an
abnormal bulging or dilation of an
artery.

Anticoagulation

The use of medication to prevent
blood clot formation.

Aortic Arch

The curved portion of the aorta that
supplies blood to the arms, head,
and neck.

Aortic Clamp

A device used to temporarily
occlude the aorta during surgery,
allowing for controlled blood flow.

Aortic Dissection

A serious condition where there is a
tear in the wall of the aorta, causing
blood to flow between the layers.

Aortic Root

The section of the aorta closest to
the heart, including the aortic valve
and its surrounding structures.

Aortic Valve

Valve between the left ventricle and
the aorta, regulating blood flow
from the heart to the body.

Arteriotomy

Surgical incision into an artery to
access or repair it.

Ascending Aorta

The portion of the aorta that rises
from the heart and supplies blood to
the head and upper body.

Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

An irregular and often rapid heart
rate originating in the atria.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

A congenital defect characterized
by a hole in the wall between the
left and right atria.

C

alcification

The buildup of calcium deposits on
heart valves, leading to stiffening
and reduced function.

Cardiac Output

The amount of blood the heart
pumps per minute, an indicator of
heart efficiency.

Cardiomyopathy

Disease of the heart muscle that
affects its size, shape, and function.

Cardioplegia

Induced cessation of heart muscle
activity during surgery to protect it
from damage.

Cardioplegic Solution

A solution used to induce cardiac
arrest and protect the heart muscle
during surgery.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass
(CPB)

A technique that temporarily takes
over the function of the heart and
lungs during surgery.

Chordae Tendineae

Tendon-like cords that connect the
heart valves to the papillary
muscles, aiding valve function.

Commissure

The area where the leaflets of a
heart valve meet and connect.

Coronary Artery Bypass

Cardiac Surgery

 Generic

30

A

bdominal

  Aortic Aneurysm
  (AAA)

   An enlargement of
    the aorta in the
    abdomen that can
     lead to life-
     threatening
     rupture if
      untreated.

Grafting (CABG)

Surgery to bypass blocked coronary
arteries using grafts to restore
blood flow to the heart.

Cross-Clamp

A clamp placed across the aorta to
stop blood flow during cardiac
surgery.

D

efibrillator

A device used to deliver an electric
shock to restore a normal heart
rhythm in cases of severe
arrhythmia.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A condition where the heart
becomes enlarged and weakened,
reducing its ability to pump blood.

E

chocardiography

Ultrasound imaging of the heart to
evaluate its structure and function.

Ejection Fraction

The percentage of blood pumped
out of the heart's left ventricle with
each beat.

Endarterectomy

Surgical procedure to remove
plaque from inside an artery to
restore blood flow.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of
the heart, typically due to infection.

Endovascular Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery
performed inside blood vessels,
often using catheters and guide
wires.

Extracorporeal Membrane
Oxygenation (ECMO)

A life-support technique that
oxygenates blood outside the body
when the heart and lungs cannot do
so.

F

luoroscopy

Real-time X-ray imaging used to
visualize movement within the body,
such as during catheter placement.

G

raft

A surgical implant used to bypass
blocked arteries, commonly made of
vein or synthetic material.

H

eart-Lung Machine

The device used during
cardiopulmonary bypass to
oxygenate blood and maintain
circulation.

Hemodynamics

The study of blood flow and its
properties, including blood pressure
and cardiac output.

Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding
and maintaining blood flow during
and after surgery.

Hybrid Operating Room

A surgical suite equipped with
imaging technology for performing
both traditional and minimally
invasive procedures.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A condition where the heart muscle
becomes abnormally thick, making
it harder to pump blood.

I

nfective

Endocarditis

Infection of the
heart valves or
inner heart lining,
usually caused by
bacteria.

Intensive Care Unit
(ICU)

31

Cardiac Surgery

 Generic

A hospital unit providing specialized
care for critically ill patients.

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump
(IABP)

A device that helps the heart pump
blood more effectively by inflating
and deflating a balloon in the aorta.

Intraoperative Imaging

Imaging techniques used during
surgery to guide the procedure and
assess progress.

Intraoperative Monitoring

Continuous observation of a
patient’s vital signs and other
parameters during surgery.

L

eaflet

The flaps of a heart valve that open
and close to regulate blood flow.

Left Atrial Appendage (LAA)

A small pouch in the left atrium that
can be a source of blood clots in
atrial fibrillation.

M

aze Procedure

Surgical treatment
for atrial fibrillation
involving creating
scar tissue to
redirect electrical
impulses.

Minimally Invasive Cardiac
Surgery

Heart surgery performed through
small incisions, often using
specialized instruments.

Mitral Valve

Valve between the left atrium and
left ventricle, controlling blood flow
within the heart.

Myocardial Protection

Methods used to protect the heart
muscle from damage during surgery,

such as cooling or cardioplegia.

O

ff-Pump CABG

CABG performed without using the
heart-lung machine, while the heart
is still beating.

On-Pump CABG

CABG performed with the use of a
heart-lung machine to stop the
heart and maintain circulation.

P

acemaker

A device implanted to regulate the
heart’s rhythm and ensure a steady
heartbeat.

Patch Graft

A surgical material used to close or
repair a defect, often made from
synthetic or biological sources.

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

A persistent opening in the septum
between the atria that normally
closes after birth.

Perfusionist

A specialist who operates the heart-
lung machine during cardiac
surgery.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium,
the membrane surrounding the
heart.

Postoperative Care

Medical care provided after surgery
to ensure recovery and monitor for
complications.

Protamine

A medication used to reverse the
effects of heparin, an anticoagulant,
after surgery.

Pulmonary Valve

Valve between the right ventricle
and the pulmonary artery,
controlling blood flow to the lungs.

32

Cardiac Surgery

 Generic

R

eoperation

A second surgical
procedure performed
due to complications
or failure of the initial
surgery.

Restrictive
Cardiomyopathy

A condition where the heart muscle
becomes rigid, restricting the
heart’s ability to fill with blood.

Robotic-Assisted Cardiac
Surgery

Cardiac surgery performed with the
aid of robotic systems to enhance
precision and control.

S

eptal Defect

An abnormal opening in the septum,
the wall dividing the left and right
sides of the heart.

Sternotomy

Surgical incision through the
breastbone to access the chest
cavity.

Stroke Volume

The volume of blood ejected from
the heart with each heartbeat.

T

horacotomy

Surgical incision into the chest
cavity, often used for accessing
organs like the heart or lungs.

Transesophageal
Echocardiography (TEE)

An echocardiogram performed by
inserting a probe into the esophagus
for detailed heart imaging.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve between the right atrium and
right ventricle, preventing backflow
of blood in the heart.

V

alve Annulus

The ring-like structure at the base of
a heart valve, providing support and
anchoring for the valve leaflets.

Valve Regurgitation

Backward flow of blood through a
valve due to incomplete closure.

Valve Stenosis

Narrowing of a heart valve that
restricts blood flow through the
valve.

Ventricular Septal Defect
(VSD)

A congenital defect characterized
by a hole in the wall between the
left and right ventricles.

Ventriculotomy

Surgical incision into the ventricular
wall, often performed to access the
heart’s interior.

W

eaning from Bypass

The process of gradually reducing
support from the heart-lung
machine after surgery.

33

Cardiac Surgery

 Generic

A

nnuloplasty

Surgical repair of the valve annulus
to restore proper valve function.

Anticoagulation Therapy

The use of medication to prevent
blood clots after valve surgery.

Aortic Valve

The valve located between the left
ventricle and the aorta, responsible
for pumping oxygenated blood to
the body.

B

alloon Valvuloplasty

A minimally invasive procedure to
widen a narrowed valve using a
balloon.

Bileaflet Valve

A mechanical valve with two leaflets
that open and close to regulate
blood flow.

Biological Valve

A valve created from natural
tissues, often from pig or cow heart
tissues.

Biomechanical Performance

The mechanical function of a valve,
including its durability and
efficiency.

Bioprosthetic Valve

A valve made from biological
tissues, typically used for valve
replacement.

Bovine Pericardium

Tissue from cow pericardium used
in the construction of bioprosthetic
valves.

C

aged Ball Valve

A type of mechanical
  valve where a ball
  moves within a cage
   to regulate blood
    flow.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood the heart
pumps in one minute, critical in
valve function.

Cardiovascular Imaging

Techniques used to visualize the
heart and blood vessels, especially
for valve assessment.

Chordae Tendineae

Tendinous cords that anchor the
valve leaflets to the heart muscles.

Commissure

The junction where the valve
leaflets meet and coapt to ensure
proper valve closure.

Coronary Sinus

A large vein collecting
blood from the heart
muscle, important
during valve surgeries.

D

urability Testing

Testing a valve prosthesis to ensure
its long-term performance.

E

chocardiography

A diagnostic test using ultrasound
to visualize heart structures,
including valves.

Ejection Fraction

The percentage of blood ejected
from the heart with each
contraction, often assessed during
valve evaluation.

Endocarditis Prevention

Measures taken to prevent infection
of the heart valves, especially after
surgery.

F

luoroscopy

A real-time X-ray used during valve
surgeries to guide the procedure.

34

Cardiac Surgery

Heart Valve

H

eart Valve Prolapse

A condition where the valve flaps do
not close properly, often leading to
regurgitation.

Hemodynamics

The study of blood flow dynamics
through the heart and blood vessels.

Hydraulic Efficiency

The effectiveness of a heart valve in
maintaining smooth blood flow
without obstruction.

I

mplant Procedure

The surgical method used to place a
prosthetic valve in the heart.

Implantable Device

A device, such as a heart valve, that
is surgically placed inside the body.

Implantable Valve

A valve designed to be surgically
placed inside the body to replace a
diseased valve.

Implantation Technique

The specific surgical approach used
to place a prosthetic valve.

Infective Endocarditis

An infection of the heart valves,
typically caused by bacteria.

Intraoperative Imaging

Imaging techniques used during
surgery to guide valve placement.

L

eaflet

Thin flaps of tissue that open and
close to control blood flow through
the valve.

Leaflet Coaptation

The process where valve leaflets
come together to ensure proper
closure.

Long-Term Outcomes

The long-term success and health

results after valve surgery.

M

echanical Components

The parts of a mechanical valve that
regulate blood flow, such as leaflets
or discs.

Mechanical Valve

A heart valve made from durable
materials like metal or plastic,
designed to last a lifetime.

Mitral Valve

The valve located between the left
atrium and the left ventricle of the
heart.

P

atient Outcomes

The results and success rates of
valve surgeries, measured in patient
health improvements.

Patient-Matched Valve

A valve custom-made to fit the
specific anatomy of a patient.

Pericardial Tissue

The tissue surrounding the heart,
often used in valve construction.

Perioperative Complications

Problems that may arise during or
after surgery, such as bleeding or
infection.

Porcine Valve

A heart valve made from pig tissue,
used in valve replacements.

Post-Operative Care

Medical care provided after heart
valve surgery to ensure recovery.

35

Cardiac Surgery

Heart Valve

Open

Closed

Postoperative Monitoring

The process of observing a patient
after valve surgery for
complications or improvements.

Preoperative Assessment

Evaluation of a patient before heart
valve surgery to plan the procedure.

Preoperative Imaging

Imaging done before surgery to
assess the heart and valves for
surgical planning.

Prosthesis

An artificial device used to replace a
missing or damaged body part, such
as a heart valve.

Prosthetic Material

The synthetic materials used to
create artificial heart valves.

Prosthetic Valve

An artificial valve implanted to
replace a damaged heart valve.

Prosthetic Valve Failure

The malfunctioning of a heart valve
prosthesis, necessitating
reoperation or replacement.

Pulmonary Valve

The valve located between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

R

egurgitant Valve

A valve that leaks, allowing blood to
flow backward.

Regurgitation Volume

The amount of blood that leaks
backward through a faulty valve.

S

ingle-Leaflet Valve

A valve design with a single leaflet
that opens and closes to control
blood flow.

Stenotic Valve

A valve that has become narrowed,
restricting blood flow.

Stent Frame

A metal framework used to support
valve prostheses during
implantation.

Surgical Approach

The specific method or incision used
during valve surgery.

Surgical Mesh

A mesh-like structure used in valve
surgeries for tissue support.

Surgical Valve Replacement

The process of replacing a damaged
valve with a prosthetic or biological
valve through surgery.

Sutureless Valve

A valve prosthesis that can be
implanted without the need for
sutures.

T

hrombosis Risk

The likelihood of a blood clot
forming after valve surgery.

Tilting Disc Valve

A mechanical valve design with a
disc that tilts to allow blood flow.

Tissue Engineering

The process of developing biological
tissue replacements for damaged
heart valves.

Tissue Valve

A heart valve made from animal
tissue, typically porcine or bovine.

Transcatheter Valve
Replacement (TAVR)

A minimally invasive procedure to

36

Cardiac Surgery

Heart Valve

Open

Closed

replace a damaged valve without
open-heart surgery.

Transesophageal
Echocardiography (TEE)

A specialized ultrasound used to
assess heart valves during surgery
via the esophagus.

Transvalvular Gradient

The pressure difference across a
valve, measured to assess valve
function.

Tricuspid Valve

The valve located between the right
atrium and the right ventricle.

V

alve Annulus

The ring-like structure that
supports the valve leaflets and
maintains valve integrity.

Valve Closure

The act of the valve leaflets sealing
shut to prevent backflow of blood.

Valve Complications

Potential issues, such as infections
or blood clots, that can occur after
valve surgery.

Valve Crimping

The process of compressing a valve
for delivery during transcatheter
valve replacement.

Valve Delivery System

The mechanism used to guide and
place a valve during transcatheter
procedures.

Valve Deployment

The act of placing
a valve prosthesis
in its final position
during surgery.

Valve
Durability

The ability of a valve
to function properly over time
without degeneration.

Valve Dysfunction

A condition in which a heart valve
fails to function properly.

Valve Fracture

A break or crack in a valve
prosthesis, which may compromise
its function.

Valve Function

The effectiveness of a valve in
regulating blood flow within the
heart.

Valve Graft

A surgical graft used
to repair or replace a
valve during surgery.

Valve Inflation

The expansion of a
balloon during balloon
valvuloplasty to open
a narrowed valve.

Valve Inlet

The opening through which blood
enters the valve.

Valve Leaflet Plication

A technique to repair valve leaflets
by folding and stitching them to
reduce regurgitation.

Valve Leaks

Unintended gaps in a valve that
allow blood to flow backward.

Valve Opening

The process of the valve leaflets
opening to allow forward blood
flow.

Valve Outlet

The opening through which blood
exits the valve.

Valve Positioning

Proper alignment of a valve during
surgery to ensure optimal function.

Valve Puncture

Accidental or intentional piercing of
a valve, usually during surgical
procedures.

37

Cardiac Surgery

Heart Valve

Valve Regurgitation

A condition where the valve does
not close properly, causing blood to
leak backward.

Valve Reoperation

A second surgery to repair or
replace a previously implanted
valve.

Valve Repair

Surgical techniques used to restore
function to a damaged heart valve.

Valve Repair Techniques

Surgical methods used to fix
damaged heart valves.

Valve Replacement

The surgical removal of a damaged
valve and its replacement with a
prosthetic.

Valve Replacement Guidelines

Established protocols for
performing valve replacement
surgeries.

Valve Replacement Strategy

The plan for replacing a diseased
valve, considering patient-specific
factors.

Valve Risk Assessment

The evaluation of potential risks
before performing valve surgery.

Valve Selection Criteria

Factors considered in choosing the
most appropriate valve for a
patient.

Valve Sizing

The process of selecting the
appropriate valve size for an
individual patient.

Valve Stenosis

A condition where the valve
becomes narrowed, impeding blood
flow.

Valve Technology

The latest innovations and materials
used in heart valve replacements.

Valve Tethering

A condition where valve leaflets are
restricted in their movement, often
leading to dysfunction.

38

Cardiac Surgery

Heart Valve

Cardiac Surgery

 Cardiac Product

A

cute Coronary 

Syndrome (ACS)

A range of conditions
associated with
sudden reduced
blood flow to the

heart, including heart attack.

Anesthesia

Medications used to prevent pain
and induce unconsciousness during
surgery.

Angioplasty

A procedure to open narrowed or
blocked blood vessels of the heart.

Anticoagulation Therapy

The use of drugs to prevent blood
clots from forming or growing.

Aortic Arch

The curved portion of the aorta that
gives rise to major arteries
supplying blood to the upper body.

Aortic Valve

A valve that controls blood flow
from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Ascending Aorta

The upward section of the aorta
that arises from the heart.

B

alloon Angioplasty

A procedure to widen blocked or
narrowed coronary arteries using a
balloon-tipped catheter.

Balloon Deflation

The process of deflating a balloon
catheter after an artery has been
opened.

Balloon Diameter

The width of a balloon catheter
when fully inflated.

Balloon Inflation

The process of inflating a balloon
catheter to open a blocked artery.

Balloon Length

The length of the balloon portion of
a catheter.

Balloons for PTCA
(Percutaneous Transluminal
Coronary Angioplasty)

Balloons used to open blocked
coronary arteries during PTCA.

Blood Flow Dynamics

The study of how blood flows
through the cardiovascular system.

C

ardiac Arrest

A sudden cessation of heart
function, requiring immediate
medical attention.

Cardiac Function

The overall performance of the
heart in pumping blood.

Cardiac Monitoring

Continuous observation of heart
function using medical devices.

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood the heart
pumps per minute.

Cardiac Rehabilitation

A program designed to improve
cardiovascular health after heart
surgery or disease.

Cardiac Rhythm Management

Techniques and devices used to
control the heart's electrical
activity.

Cardiac Support Devices

Mechanical devices used to assist
heart function in patients with heart
failure.

Cardiogenic Shock

A life-threatening condition where
the heart suddenly cannot pump
enough blood to meet the body's
needs.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass
(CPB)

A machine that temporarily takes
over heart and lung functions during
surgery.

39

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac Product

Catheter Insertion Site

The location where a catheter is
inserted into the body.

Catheter Removal

The process of withdrawing a
catheter after it is no longer needed.

Catheterization

A procedure in which a thin tube
(catheter) is inserted into a vessel or
cavity.

Clinical Trials

Research studies conducted to
evaluate new medical treatments or
interventions.

Coronary Angiography

A diagnostic test using contrast dye
to visualize the coronary arteries.

Coronary Artery Bypass
Grafting (CABG)

A surgical procedure to improve
blood flow to the heart by diverting
blood around blocked arteries.

Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD)

A condition characterized by the
narrowing of coronary arteries due
to plaque buildup.

Coronary Bypass

A procedure that creates an

alternative path for blood to flow
around a blocked coronary artery.

Coronary Occlusion

The blockage of a coronary artery,
often leading to a heart attack.

Coronary Perfusion Pressure

The pressure gradient that drives
blood flow through the coronary
arteries.

Coronary Revascularization

Procedures aimed at restoring
blood flow to heart tissues affected
by blocked arteries.

A technique used by IABP to reduce
the workload on the heart by
inflating a balloon during diastole.

D

eflation Rate

The speed at which a balloon
catheter is deflated during a medical
procedure.

Descending Aorta

The section of the aorta that runs
down the chest and abdomen.

Device Calibration

The process of adjusting a medical
device to ensure accurate readings.

40

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac Product

Device Maintenance

Routine care and upkeep to ensure
proper functioning of medical
devices.

Device Sterilization

The process of cleaning medical
devices to remove all forms of
microbial life.

Diastolic Dysfunction

Impaired relaxation of the heart,
leading to difficulty in filling with
blood.

Drug-Eluting Balloon

A balloon catheter that releases
medication to prevent restenosis of
the artery.

E

mergency Care

Immediate medical treatment
provided in response to urgent
health situations.

Endothelial Function

The performance of the inner lining
of blood vessels, crucial for vascular
health.

Endovascular Procedure

A minimally invasive surgical
procedure that uses catheters
within blood vessels.

F

ractional Flow Reserve (FFR)

A measure of blood flow in a
coronary artery to determine the
severity of blockages.

G

uidewire

A flexible wire used to guide
catheters and other devices during
cardiovascular procedures.

H

eart Failure

A condition in which the heart is
unable to pump blood effectively.

Heart Rate

The number of heartbeats per
minute.

Hemodynamic Monitoring

The tracking of blood pressure and
other aspects of cardiovascular
performance during medical care.

Hemodynamic Support

Treatments and devices used to
maintain adequate blood flow and
pressure.

I

ABP Mechanism

The way the intra-aortic balloon
pump works to support the heart.

Inflation Pressure

The pressure used to inflate a
medical balloon during angioplasty
or other procedures.

Interventional Cardiologist

A physician specializing in minimally
invasive, catheter-based treatments
for heart conditions.

41

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac Product

Intra-Aortic Balloon Catheter 
(IABC)

A catheter inserted into the aorta to 
reduce heart workload and improve 
blood flow.

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump 
(IABP)

A device that increases blood flow 
and decreases heart workload by 
inflating and deflating a balloon in 
the aorta.

Intracoronary Shunt

A device used to divert blood flow in 
coronary arteries during surgery.

Intracoronary Shunt 
Indications

The conditions that warrant the use 
of an intracoronary shunt during 
surgery.

Intraoperative Monitoring

The continuous monitoring of vital 
signs during surgery.

Intravascular Device

A device that is inserted into blood 
vessels for treatment or monitoring.

Intravascular Ultrasound 
(IVUS)

A medical imaging technique using a 
special catheter to visualize the 
interior of blood vessels.

Ischemic Heart Disease

A condition where narrowed 
coronary arteries reduce blood 
supply to the heart.

L

eft Ventricular Assist Device 

(LVAD)

A mechanical pump implanted  to 
help the left ventricle pump blood.

M

ean Arterial Pressure 

(MAP)

The average blood pressure in a 
person's arteries during a single 
cardiac cycle.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Commonly known as a heart attack, 
caused by the blockage of blood 
flow to the heart muscle.

Myocardial Protection

Strategies used during cardiac 
surgery to protect heart muscle 
from damage.

O

ptical Coherence 

Tomography (OCT)

An imaging method that captures 
detailed images of blood vessel 
interiors using light waves.

P

atient Outcomes

The results or consequences of 
healthcare treatments on a patient’s 
health.

Percutaneous Coronary 
Intervention (PCI)

A non-surgical procedure to open 
narrowed coronary arteries.

Percutaneous Valve 

42

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac Product

Intervention

A procedure to repair or replace a 
heart valve via catheter.

Postoperative Care

Medical care provided after surgery 
to support recovery and healing.

Post-Procedure Complications

Potential issues that may arise 
following a medical procedure.

Pressure Monitoring

The process of measuring blood 
pressure or other pressures within 
the body.

Pressure Wire

A wire used to measure pressure 
differences across a coronary artery 
stenosis.

Prophylactic Measures

Preventive actions taken to reduce 
the risk of disease or complications.

Pulmonary Artery Pressure

The blood pressure in the arteries 
supplying the lungs.

Pulse Pressure

The difference between systolic and 
diastolic blood pressure.

R

ight Ventricular Assist 

Device (RVAD)

A device used to assist the right side 
of the heart in pumping blood to the 
lungs.

S

coring Balloon

A balloon catheter with cutting 
edges to aid in dilating tough 
arterial blockages.

Shunt Placement Technique

The method used to place a shunt 
during heart surgery.

Stent Graft

A stent combined with a graft to 
treat aneurysms or blocked blood 
vessels.

Stent Placement

The insertion of a small mesh tube 
(stent) to keep an artery open after 
angioplasty.

Surgical Approach

The method or technique used by a 
surgeon to perform an operation.

Surgical Procedure

Any manual or instrumental 
operation performed to repair or 
remove damaged tissues or organs.

Surgical Revascularization

Surgical restoration of blood flow to 
tissues, usually the heart or limbs.

Surgical Team

A group of healthcare professionals 
working together during surgery.

Systemic Vascular Resistance 
(SVR)

The resistance the heart must 
overcome to pump blood through 
the circulatory system.

Systolic Dysfunction

Impaired contraction of the heart, 
leading to reduced blood ejection.

43

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac Product

T

hrombolysis

The dissolution of blood clots using 
medication.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve 
Replacement (TAVR)

A minimally invasive procedure to 
replace a narrowed aortic valve.

Transluminal Access

Gaining access to blood vessels 
through a minimally invasive 
procedure.

V

alve Replacement

The surgical removal of a damaged 
heart valve, replaced with a 
prosthetic one.

Vascular Access

The process of gaining access to a 
blood vessel for treatments or 
procedures.

Vascular Access Site

The point at which access to a blood 
vessel is gained for treatment.

Vascular Closure Device

A device used to close an opening in 
a blood vessel after a catheter-
based procedure.

Vascular Endothelial Growth 
Factor (VEGF)

A protein that promotes the 
growth of new blood vessels.

Vascular Health

The overall condition of the blood 
vessels, including their ability to 
transport blood efficiently.

Vascular Surgeon

A specialist in surgeries on blood 
vessels outside the heart and brain.

Volume Status

The balance of fluids in the body, 
crucial for maintaining blood 
pressure.

44

Cardiac Surgery

Cardiac Product

Orthopedic

Generic

Bone Screw

A screw used to fix bone fragments 
or secure implants to bone during 
orthopedic surgery.

C

artilage Repair

Procedures aimed at restoring or 
regenera ng damaged car lage in 
joints.

Cerclage Wire

Wire used to bind bone fragments 
together, o en around the 
circumference of the bone.

Closed Reduction

Non-surgical manipula on of a 
bone to align a fracture without 
making an incision.

Compression Screw

A type of screw designed to bring 
bone fragments closer, encouraging 
healing through compression.

D

ecompression Surgery

A surgical procedure to relieve 
pressure on the spinal cord or nerve 
roots.

Degenerative Disc Disease

The breakdown of intervertebral 
discs, leading to pain and reduced 
mobility in the spine.

Disc Herniation

A condi on where the 
intervertebral disc bulges out, 
compressing nearby nerves.

E

xternal Fixation

Stabilization of bones using a frame 
outside the body, connected to the 
bone by pins or wires.

F

acet Joint

Small stabilizing joints located between 

Bone Awl

A pointed surgical tool used to 
create openings in bone, o en 
before screw or rod placement.

Bone Cement Injection

The use of a special cement to 
stabilize bone during procedures 
like vertebroplasty or joint 
replacements.

Bone Grafting

The transplantation of bone tissue 
to repair or rebuild diseased or 
damaged bones.

Bone Holding Forceps

A tool used to hold bones during 
surgery to maintain proper 
alignment.

Bone Ingrowth

The process where bone grows into 
the surface of an implant, improving 
its stability and fixation.

Bone Mallet

A hammer-like instrument used in 
orthopedic surgery to strike 
instruments or manipulate bones.

Bone Marrow Edema

Swelling and fluid accumulation 
within the bone marrow, often due 
to injury or inflammation.

Bone Plate

A metal plate used to hold bone 
fragments in place during the 
healing process.

A

rthroscopy

 A minimally invasive 

     procedure using a camera 
        to view and treat joint 
          conditions.

iocompatible 

B

        Material

 A material that is compatible 

with living tissue and does not 
cause an adverse reaction.

46

and behind adjacent vertebrae in
the spine.

Fixation Device

An implant or tool used to stabilize
bones or joints during healing.

Fixation Pin

A pin used to stabilize bone
fragments, either temporarily or
permanently, during healing.

Fracture Management

The treatment of bone fractures,
which may include reduction,
immobilization, or surgery.

Fracture Plate

A metal plate used to stabilize and
align fractured bones during
healing.

H

ip Arthroplasty

Surgical replacement or
reconstruction of the hip joint,
commonly known as hip
replacement.

I

nternal Fixation

The surgical stabilization of
fractured bones using implants such
as plates, screws, or rods.

Intramedullary Nail (IM Nail)

A metal rod inserted into the bone
marrow canal to stabilize long bone
fractures.

Intramedullary Rod

A metal rod inserted into the
marrow canal of a bone to stabilize
fractures, particularly in long bones.

Intraoperative Navigation

The use of real-time imaging to
guide surgical instruments during
complex orthopedic or spinal
surgery.

J

oint Arthroscopy

A minimally invasive procedure to
examine and treat joint conditions
using an arthroscope.

Joint Replacement

Surgical procedure in which a
damaged joint is replaced with a
prosthesis.

K

nee Arthroplasty

Surgical replacement or
reconstruction of the knee joint,
commonly known as knee
replacement.

K-Wire (Kirschner Wire)

A thin wire used to hold bone
fragments in place during healing.

Kyphoplasty

A minimally invasive
procedure to treat
spinal compression
fractures by inflat-
ing a balloon and
injecting bone
cement.

L

ag Screw

A screw used to compress two
bone fragments together,
promoting stable fixation.

Ligament Reconstruction

Surgical repair or replacement of a
torn ligament, often using grafts.

Locking Screw

A type of screw used in orthopedic
surgery that locks into the plate to
provide stable fixation.

Lumbosacral

Referring to the lower part of the
spine, where the lumbar spine
meets the sacrum.

Orthopedic

Generic

47

M

eniscal Repair

Surgery to repair a torn meniscus in 
the knee, preserving the cartilage 
structure.

Myelopathy

Compression of the spinal cord, 
often due to degenerative changes 
in the spine, leading to neurological 
symptoms.

N

euromonitoring

The use of electrophysiological 
monitoring during surgery to ensure 
nerve and spinal cord function is 
maintained.

O

pen Reduction

Surgical procedure to realign a 
broken bone by making an incision 
at the fracture site.

Orthopedic Chisel

A tool with a sharp edge used to 
carve or cut bone.

Orthopedic Drill

A surgical tool used to create holes 
in bone for screw or pin insertion.

Orthopedic Implant

A device placed inside the body to 
support or replace a damaged bone 
or joint.

Orthopedic Surgery

Surgical treatment of 
musculoskeletal system disorders, 
including bones, joints, and 
muscles.

Osseointegration

The process where bone grows into 
and integrates with an implant, 
providing stable fixation.

Osteolysis

Destruc on or loss of bone tissue, 
often around joint replacements.

Osteophyte Removal

Surgical removal of bone spurs that 
form on joints due to arthritis.

Osteotome

A surgical instrument 
resembling a 
chisel used to 
cut or reshape 
bone.

P

eriosteal 

Elevator

A surgical tool 
used to lift and 
separate the 
periosteum (the 

tissue covering the 

bone) from the bone surface.

R

adiculopathy

Compression or irrita on of a nerve 
root, causing pain, numbness, or 
weakness along the affected nerve 
path.

Reamer

A tool used in orthopedic surgery to 
enlarge and shape bone cavities, 
such as in joint replacements.

Reduction 
Clamp

A surgical instrument 
used to hold bone 
fragments in place 
during fracture 
reduction.

Orthopedic

Generic

48

S

acral Screw

A screw used to fixate the sacrum
to the spine during spinal fusion
surgery.

Sagittal Balance

The alignment of the spine when
viewed from the side, crucial for
maintaining proper posture.

Spinal Instrumentation

Surgical use of hardware such as
screws, rods, and plates to stabilize
the spine.

Spinal Stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal,
leading to nerve compression and
pain.

Spinopelvic Alignment

The relationship between the spine
and pelvis, important for posture
and load-bearing.

Spondylolisthesis

Forward slipping of one vertebra
over another, potentially causing
pain or nerve compression.

Surgical Retractor

A tool used to hold back tissue or
organs, providing access to the
surgical site.

Surgical Saw

A powered or manual saw used to
cut bone during orthopedic
procedures.

T

endon Repair

Surgical reconstruction of a torn or
damaged tendon.

Thoracic Spine

The middle part of the spine,
consisting of 12 vertebrae between
the cervical and lumbar spine.

Thoracolumbar Fusion

Surgical fusion of the thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae to stabilize the
spine.

Trauma Surgery

Surgical intervention for injuries
caused by physical trauma,
including fractures and soft
tissue injuries.

V

ertebral Compression

Fracture

A fracture in the vertebra, usually
due to osteoporosis, causing the
bone to collapse.

Vertebroplasty

A minimally invasive procedure to
stabilize a fractured vertebra using
bone cement.

Orthopedic

Generic

Orthopedic

Total knee system

A

lignment Guide

Tool used to ensure proper
alignment of knee implant
components.

Anterior Cruciate

Ligament (ACL)

Ligament located at the front of the
knee, crucial for movement and
stability.

Arthroplasty

Surgical procedure to replace or

49

repair a damaged
knee joint.

Articular Cartilage

Smooth tissue covering
the ends of bones in
the knee joint.

B

icompartmental

Knee Replacement

Replacement of two compartments
of the knee joint.

Bone Awl

Sharp instrument used to create
holes or indentations in bone.

Bone Cement

Material used to fix implants
to bone during surgery.

Bone Cement Injector

Tool used to inject bone
cement into the joint
space.

Bone Chisel

Chisel-like instrument
used to cut or shape bone.

Bone Drill

Drill used to create holes in bone
for implant placement.

Bone Holding Forceps

Forceps used to grasp and stabilize
bone during surgical procedures.

Bone Hook

Tool used to hold or manipulate
bone during surgery.

Bone Mallet

Hammer-like tool used to drive or
tap surgical instruments.

Bone Nibbler

Tool used to trim or shape bone with

a nibbling action.

C

ement Gun

Device used to apply bone cement
during surgery.

Cement Restrictor

Device used to limit the flow of
bone cement during application.

Cemented Implant

Knee implant fixed in place with
bone cement.

Cementless Implant

Knee implant that relies on bone
growth for fixation, without the use
of cement.

Cruciate-Retaining Knee

Knee implant that preserves the
cruciate ligaments for natural knee
function.

Curette

Instrument used for scraping or
debriding bone and tissue.

Cutting Block

Tool used to guide precise cuts in
bone during knee replacement
surgery.

D

istal Femoral Cutting Block

Cutting block used to shape the
distal end of the femur.

Drainage Tube

Tube used to drain fluids from the
surgical area post-operation.

E

xtension Gap

Space between the femur and tibia
during knee extension.

Extramedullary Alignment
Guide

Alignment guide placed outside the
bone medullary canal.

Orthopedic

Total knee system

50

F

emoral Broach

Instrument used to prepare the
femur for implant placement.

Femoral Component

The part of a total knee implant
that replaces the femoral surface.

Femoral Condyle

The rounded end of the femur that
articulates with the tibia.

Femoral Elevator

Instrument used to lift
and position the femur
during surgery.

Femoral Impactor

Impactor specifically
used for the femoral
component.

Femoral Resection

Removal of the femoral component
or portion of the femur.

Femoral Resector

Instrument used to remove the
femoral portion of the knee joint.

Femoral Sizer

Tool used to measure the size of the
femoral component.

Femoral Template

Template used to plan and guide
femoral implant placement.

Femoral Trial Component

Temporary component used to test
fit and alignment of the femoral
implant.

Flexion Gap

Space between the femur and tibia
during knee flexion.

H

ohmann Retractor

Type of retractor used to expose
bone surfaces.

I

mpactor

Tool used to drive or set implants
into place.

Intramedullary Alignment
Guide

Alignment guide placed within the
bone medullary canal.

J

oint Line Restoration

Technique to restore the natural
alignment of the knee joint line.

Joint Stability

The ability of the knee joint to
maintain its alignment and function.

K

nee Distractor

Tool used to separate and distract
knee components for surgical
access.

L

angenbeck Retractor

Retractor designed to expose and
hold back soft tissues during
surgery.

Ligament Balancer

Tool used to balance and adjust
ligaments around the knee joint.

M

eniscus

C-shaped cartilage in the knee that
cushions and stabilizes the joint.

Minimally Invasive Surgery
(MIS)

Surgical technique involving smaller
incisions and reduced recovery

time.

Modular Knee System

Knee replacement system with
interchangeable components for
customization.

Orthopedic

Total knee system

51

N

avigation System

Technology used to guide the
placement of knee implants during
surgery.

O

scillating Saw

Surgical saw that moves back and
forth to cut bone.

Osteotome

Surgical tool

 used for cutting or

shaping bone.

P

atella Resurfacing

Procedure to replace or smooth the
patellar surface.

Patella Retractor

Instrument used to hold the patella
away during surgery.

Patellar Clamp

Device used to hold the patella in
place during surgery.

Patellar Component

The part of a total knee implant
that replaces the kneecap (patella).

Patellar Impactor

Impactor specifically used for the
patellar component.

Patellar Resection

Removal of the patellar component
or portion of the patella.

Patellar Sizer

Tool used to measure the size of the

patellar component.

Patellar Trial Component

Temporary component used to test
fit and alignment of the patellar
implant.

Patellofemoral Arthroplasty

Surgical replacement of the patella
and femoral joint surface.

Patient-Specific Instruments
(PSI)

Surgical tools customized for an
individual patient’s anatomy.

Periosteal Elevator

Tool used to separate the
periosteum from the bone surface.

Polyethylene Insert

The plastic part of a knee implant
that provides cushioning and allows
movement.

Posterior Cruciate Ligament
(PCL)

Ligament located at the back of the
knee, important for stability.

Posterior-Stabilized Knee

Knee implant with a design to
stabilize the knee by compensating
for the posterior cruciate ligament.

Postoperative Care

Care and management of the
patient following surgery.

Press-Fit Implant

Implant designed to fit tightly into
the bone without cement.

Proximal Tibial Cutting Block

Cutting block used to shape the
proximal end of the tibia.

R

ange of Motion (ROM)

Measurement of the degrees
through which a joint can move.

Reduction Clamp

Device used to hold bones in
alignment during reduction

Orthopedic

Total knee system

52

procedures.

Rehabilitation Protocol

Structured plan for physical therapy
and recovery after knee surgery.

Robotic-Assisted Surgery

Surgery performed with the
assistance of robotic systems for
precision.

Rongeur

Forceps-like instrument used to
remove bone or tissue.

Rotary Cutting Guide

Guide used for making rotational
cuts during surgery.

S

agittal Saw

Saw used for cutting bone in the
sagittal plane.

Screwdriver

Tool used for inserting or removing
screws during surgery.

Self-Retaining Retractor

Retractor that maintains its position
without manual holding.

Skin Hook

Tool used to lift and retract skin
during surgical procedures.

Soft Tissue Balancing

Technique to adjust soft tissues for
proper knee function and
alignment.

Soft Tissue Retractor

Tool used to hold back soft tissues
to improve visibility during surgery.

Spacer Block

Device used to maintain joint
spacing during surgery.

Subchondral Bone

Bone located beneath the cartilage
of a joint.

Suction Tip

Device used to remove fluids and
debris from the surgical site.

Surgical Retractor

Instrument used to hold back

tissues and provide a clear view of

the surgical area.

Surgical Saw

Saw used for cutting bone during
surgery.

T

ibial Broach

Instrument used to prepare the

tibia for implant placement.

Tibial Component

The part of a total knee implant
that replaces the tibial surface.

Tibial Resection

Removal of the tibial component or
portion of the tibia.

Tibial Resector

Instrument used to remove the

tibial portion of the knee joint.

Tibial Sizer

Tool used to measure the size of the

tibial component.

Tibial Template

Template used to plan and guide

tibial implant placement.

Tibial Trial Component

Temporary component used to test

Orthopedic

Total knee system

Total Knee
Replacement

Partial Knee
Replacement

53

fit and alignment of the tibial
implant.

Trial Reduction

Testing phase where temporary
components are used to assess fit
and alignment.

Trial Spacer

Temporary spacer used to test joint
space and alignment.

U

nicompartmental Knee

Replacement

Replacement of only one
compartment of the knee joint.

V

arus/Valgus Alignment

Alignment of the knee joint in
relation to inward (varus) or
outward (valgus) angles.

W

ound Closure

Process of closing and suturing the
surgical incision.

Orthopedic

Total knee system

Orthopedic

Total knee system

A

cetabular Cup

Component of a hip implant that
replaces the acetabulum (hip
socket).

Acetabular Cup Impactor

Impactor used to place the
acetabular cup into position.

Acetabular Cup Positioner

Device used to position the
acetabular cup accurately during
surgery.

Acetabular Liner

Plastic or ceramic insert placed
within the acetabular cup to
provide a smooth surface.

Acetabular Reamer

Reamer used to shape the
acetabulum for implant placement.

Acetabulum

The cup-shaped socket in the pelvis
that articulates with the femoral
head.

Alignment Jig

Device used to ensure correct

alignment of implants during
surgery.

Anterior Approach

Surgical approach to the hip from
the front of the body.

Arthroplasty

Surgical procedure to replace or
repair a damaged hip joint.

Aseptic Loosening

Implant loosening due to lack of
infection but due to mechanical
factors.

B

iomechanics

The study of the mechanical
aspects of living organisms,

54

Orthopedic

Total knee system

including joint function.

Bone Awl

Sharp instrument used to create holes
or indentations in bone.

Bone Cement

Material used to fix implants to bone
during surgery.

Bone Cement Injector

Tool used to inject bone cement into
the joint space.

Bone Chisel

Chisel-like instrument used to cut or
shape bone.

Bone Drill

Drill used to create holes in bone for
implant placement.

Bone Holding Forceps

Forceps used to grasp and stabilize
bone during surgical procedures.

Bone Hook

Tool used to hold or manipulate bone
during surgery.

Bone Mallet

Hammer-like tool used to drive or tap
surgical instruments.

Bone Nibbler

Tool used to trim or shape bone
with a nibbling ac on.

Broach

Instrument used to prepare the
femoral canal for implant
placement.

C

ancellous 

Bone

Spongy, inner bone ssue that supports
bone marrow and provides shock
absorp on.

Cement Gun

Device used to apply bone cement
during surgery.

Cement Restrictor

Device used to limit the flow of
bone cement during application.

Cemented Prosthesis

Hip implant fixed in place with bone
cement.

Cementless Prosthesis

Hip implant that relies on bone
growth for fixation, without the use
of cement.

Ceramic-on-Ceramic

Hip implant with both femoral head
and acetabular liner made of
ceramic.

Cortical Bone

Dense, outer layer of bone that
provides strength and support.

Cross-Linked Polyethylene

Enhanced polyethylene liner with
improved wear resistance.

Cup Positioning

Process of placing the acetabular
cup in the correct anatomical
position.

Cup Reamer

Reamer specifically used to prepare
the acetabular socket.

Curette

Instrument used for scraping or

debriding bone and tissue.

55

D

islocation

Condition where the hip joint
components are out of their 
position.

Drainage Tube

Tube used to drain fluids from the
surgical area post-operation.

Dual Mobility Cup

Acetabular cup with a mobile liner
for enhanced range of motion and
stability.

F

emoral Canal

The hollow space within the femur
that houses the femoral stem.

Femoral Elevator

Instrument used to lift and position
the femur during surgery.

Femoral Head

The ball-shaped part of a hip
implant that replaces the top of the
femur.

Femoral Head Extractor

Tool used to remove the femoral
head component during surgery.

Femoral Head Impactor

Impactor specifically used for the
femoral head component.

Femoral Offset

Measurement of the distance
between the center of the femoral
head and the femoral canal.

Femoral Reamer

Reamer used to shape the femoral
canal for implant placement.

Femoral Stem

Component of a hip implant that
replaces the femoral shaft.

Femur

The thigh bone that forms the
upper part of the hip joint.

Fluoroscopy

Real-time X-ray imaging used to
guide surgical procedures.

H

emiarthroplasty

Surgical replacement of only the
femoral head, not the acetabulum.

Hip Resurfacing

Procedure to replace the surface of
the femoral head and acetabulum.

Hohmann Retractor

Type of retractor used to expose
bone surfaces.

I

mpactor

Tool used to drive or set implants
into place.

Intraoperative Imaging

Imaging techniques used during
surgery to guide placement and
ensure accuracy.

Intraoperative Navigation

Techniques used during surgery to
guide precise implant placement.

J

oint Stability

The ability of the hip joint to
maintain its position and function
properly.

L

angenbeck Retractor

Retractor designed to expose and
hold back soft tissues during
surgery.

Orthopedic

Total knee system

56

Lateral Approach

Surgical approach to the hip from
the side of the body.

Leg Length Discrepancy

Difference in leg lengths that may
require correc on during surgery.

Load Bearing

The ability of the hip implant to
support and distribute weight.

M

etal-on-Metal

Hip implant with both femoral head
and acetabular liner made of metal.

Minimally Invasive Surgery
(MIS)

Surgical technique involving smaller
incisions and reduced recovery

time.

Modular Neck

Adjustable component connecting
the femoral stem to the femoral
head.

Modular Prosthesis

Hip implant with interchangeable
components for customization.

O

scillating Saw

Surgical saw that moves back and
forth to cut bone.

Osteointegration

The process of bone growing into
and integrating with an implant.

Osteolysis

Bone resorp on or loss around an
implant, often due to wear debris.

Osteotome

Surgical tool used to cut or shape
bone.

Osteotomy

Surgical procedure to cut and
reshape bone to correct alignment.

P

atient-

Specific
Instruments (PSI)

Surgical tools
customized to fit an
individual patient's anatomy.

Periosteal Elevator

Tool used to separate the periosteum
from the bone surface.

Periprosthetic Fracture

Fracture occurring around an implanted
prosthesis.

Polyethylene Liner

Plastic liner used in the
acetabular cup to reduce
friction.

Posterior Approach

Surgical approach to the
hip from the back of
the body.

Postoperative Care

Care and management of the patient
following surgery.

Press-Fit Implant

Implant designed to fit tightly into the
bone without cement.

R

adiolucent

Describes materials that appear
dark on X-rays, indicating low
density.

Radiopaque

Describes materials that appear
white on X-rays, indicating high
density.

Range of Motion (ROM)

Measurement of the degrees
through which the hip joint can
move.

Rasp

Tool used to shape and smooth
bone surfaces during surgery.

Reamer

Tool used to shape and enlarge the

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Total knee system

57

bone canal for implant fittng.

Reduction Clamp

Device used to hold bones in 
alignment during reduction 
procedures.

Revision Surgery

Surgery performed to replace or 
repair a previously implanted hip 
prosthesis.

Robotic-Assisted Surgery

Surgery performed with the 
assistance of robotic systems for 
precision.

Rongeur

Forceps-like instrument used to 

remove bone or tissue.

S

agittal Saw

Saw used for cuttng bone in the 
sagittal plane.

Screwdriver

Tool used for inserting or removing 
screws during surgery.

Self-Retaining 
Retractor

Retractor that maintains its position 
without manual holding.

Skin Hook

Tool used to lift  and retract 
skin during surgical procedures.

Stem Extractor

Tool used to remove the femoral 
stem if needed.

Stem Inserter

Tool used to insert the femoral 
stem into the bone canal.

Sterile Packaging

Packaging that ensures the sterility 
of surgical instruments and 
implants.

Stress Shielding

Bone loss around an implant due to 
reduced load bearing on 

surrounding bone.

Suction Tip

Device used to remove fluids and 
debris from the surgical site.

Surgical Guide

Tool or system used to assist in the 
accurate placement of implants.

Surgical Retractor

Instrument used to hold back 

tissues and provide a clear view of 

the surgical area.

Surgical Saw

Saw used for cutting bone during 
surgery.

Surgical Template

Pre-operative planning tool used to 
simulate and guide implant 
placement.

T

rial Component

Temporary component used to test 
fit and alignment of hip implants.

Trial Cup

Temporary acetabular cup used to 
test fit and alignment.

Trial Head

Temporary femoral head used to 
test fit and range of motion.

Trial Stem

Temporary femoral stem used to 
test fit and alignment.

W

ear Rate

Measurement of the rate at which 
implant materials wear down over 

time.

Wound Closure

Process of closing and suturing the 
surgical incision.

Orthopedic

Total knee system

58

A

djacent Segment Disease

Degenerative changes occurring in
spinal segments adjacent to a
fusion site.

Alignment Jig

Tool used to ensure proper
alignment of spinal implants.

Allograft

Bone graft taken from a donor.

Annulus Fibrosus

Outer ring of the intervertebral disc
made of fibrous tissue.

Anterior Approach

Surgical approach from the front of
the body.

Anterior Cervical Discectomy
and Fusion (ACDF)

Surgery to remove a damaged disc
in the cervical spine and fuse
adjacent vertebrae.

Autograft

Bone graft taken from the patient's
own body.

Awl

Sharp instrument used to create
holes in bone.

B

one Curette

Instrument used for scraping or
debriding bone.

Bone Drill

Drill used to create holes in bone
for implants.

Bone Elevator

Tool used to lift and separate bone

layers during surgery.

Bone Graft

Transplant of bone tissue to
promote fusion or healing.

Bone Rasp

Tool used to smooth or shape bone
surfaces.

Bone Retractor

Instrument used to hold back

tissues and bone during surgery.

Bone Substitute

Material used to replace or
augment bone in surgery.

C

age

Device placed between vertebrae
to support interbody fusion.

Cancellous Screw

Screw designed for fixation in the
spongy (inner) bone layer.

Cannulated Screw

Screw with a central channel used
for guided insertion.

Cervical Pedicle Screw

Pedicle screw specifically used in
the cervical spine.

Cervical Plate

Metal plate used to stabilize
cervical vertebrae.

Cervical Spine

The portion of the spine in the neck
region.

Compression Forceps

Forceps used to apply compression
to spinal segments.

Coronal Balance

Alignment of the spine in the
coronal plane to maintain posture.

Corpectomy

Surgical removal of a vertebral body
and its discs.

Cortical Screw

Screw designed for fixation in the

Orthopedic

Spine

59

cortical (outer) bone layer.

Cross Connector

Device used to connect rods and 
screws in spinal implants.

Curette

Tool used for scraping or debriding 
bone and tissue.

D

egenera ve Disc Disease

Condition characterized by the 
deterioration of intervertebral discs.

Disc Space Preparation

Process of preparing the space 
between vertebrae for disc or 
implant insertion.

Discectomy

Surgical removal of a damaged 
intervertebral disc.

Distraction Forceps

Forceps used to separate or distract 
vertebrae during surgery.

Drill Guide

Device used to guide 
drills for precise 
placement in surgery.

E

xpandable Cage

Implant that expands 
to fit the disc space.

F

acet Joint

The joint between 
adjacent 
vertebrae that 
facilitates spinal movement.

Fluoroscopy

Real-time X-ray imaging used to 
guide spinal procedures.

Foraminotomy

Surgical procedure to widen the 
foramen to relieve nerve root 

compression.

Fusion Rate

Measure of the success rate of 
spinal fusion procedures.

G

raft Holder

Tool used to hold a bone graft in 
place during surgery.

Graft Impactor

Tool used to insert and impact bone 
grafts into place.

I

mplant Inserter

Tool used to place implants into the 
spine.

Interbody Fusion Device

Implant used to facilitate fusion 
between vertebrae.

Interbody Spacer

Device placed between vertebrae 
to support fusion.

Intervertebral Disc

Cartilaginous structure between 
vertebrae that acts as a cushion.

Intraoperative Imaging

Imaging performed during surgery 
to guide and monitor procedures.

K

errison Rongeur

Forceps-like instrument used for 
bone removal.

Kyphosis

Excessive outward curve of the 
thoracic spine.

L

aminectomy

Surgical removal of the lamina to 
relieve pressure on the spinal cord.

Laminectomy Punch

Tool used to remove bone or tissue 
during laminectomy.

Orthopedic

Spine

60

Lateral Approach

Surgical approach from the side of 
the body.

Lateral Lumbar Interbody 
Fusion (LLIF)

Fusion of lumbar vertebrae through 
a lateral approach with an interbody 
device.

Lordosis

Natural inward curve of the lumbar 
spine.

Lumbar Spine

The portion of the spine in the 
lower back.

M

inimally Invasive Surgery 

(MIS)

Surgery performed with smaller 
incisions to reduce recovery time.

Monoaxial Screw

Screw with a single axis of motion 
for fixed alignment.

N

avigation System

Technology used to guide surgical 
instruments with high precision.

Nerve Hook

Tool used to hold and manipulate 
nerves during surgery.

Nerve Retractor

Tool used to retract nerves to 
provide a clear view during surgery.

Nerve Root

The initial segment of a spinal nerve 
emerging from the spinal cord.

Nucleus Pulposus

Gel-like core of the intervertebral 
disc that provides cushioning.

O

cciput

The back part of the skull that 

Orthopedic

Spine

61

Orthopedic

Spine

articulates with the cervical spine.

Osteotome

Surgical instrument used to cut or 
shape bone.

P

edicle

Bony projection on a vertebra 
connecting the lamina to the 
vertebral body.

Pedicle Screw

Screw inserted into the pedicle of a 
vertebra to stabilize the spine.

PEEK Cage

Cage made of PEEK 
(polyetheretherketone) used for 
spinal fusion.

Polyaxial Screw

Screw with multiple axes of motion 
to improve alignment.

Posterior Approach

Surgical approach from the back 
of the body.

Posterior Cervical Fusion

Fusion of cervical vertebrae 
through a posterior approach.

Posterior Lumbar Interbody 
Fusion (PLIF)

Fusion of lumbar vertebrae 
through a posterior approach 
with an interbody device.

Postoperative Care

Care and management of the 
patient following spinal surgery.

R

eduction Forceps

Forceps used to correct the 
alignment of bones or implants.

Robotic-Assisted Surgery

Surgery performed with the 
assistance of robotic systems for 
precision.

Rod

Metal rod used to provide 
structural support in spinal fusion.

Rod Bender

Tool used to bend metal rods to fit 
spinal implants.

Rod Cutter

Tool used to cut metal rods in spinal 
implants.

Rod Inserter

Tool used to insert rods into spinal 
implants.

Rod Passer

Tool used to pass rods through 
screws in spinal surgery.

S

acroiliac Joint

Joint connecting the sacrum to the 
ilium of the pelvis.

Sagittal Balance

Alignment of the spine in the sagittal 
plane to maintain posture.

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the 
spine.

Screw Inserter

Tool used to insert screws into the 
spine.

Screwdriver

Tool used to insert or 
remove screws in 
spinal surgery.

Spinal Canal

The canal within the 
vertebrae that houses 
the spinal cord.

Spinal Cord

The major neural 
pathway running 
through the spinal 
canal.

Spinal Fusion

Surgical procedure 
to join two or 

62

more vertebrae together.

Spinal Stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal that 
can compress nerves.

Spinous Process

The bony projec on on the back of 
a vertebra.

Spinous Process Clamp

Clamp used to hold or stabilize the 
spinous processes during surgery.

Spondylolisthesis

Displacement of a vertebra rela ve 
to the adjacent vertebrae.

Stability

Ability of the spinal structure or 
implant to remain stable and 
secure.

Sterilization

Process of making surgical 
instruments free from 
microorganisms.

Surgical Guide

Tool or system that provides a 
template for precise surgical 
procedures.

T

ap

Tool used to create threads in bone 

for screw inser on.

Thoracic Spine

The portion of the spine in the 
upper and mid-back region.

Thoracolumbar Junc on

Area of the spine where the 
thoracic and lumbar regions meet.

Titanium Cage

Cage made of  tanium used for 
spinal fusion.

Transforaminal Lumbar 
Interbody Fusion (TLIF)

Fusion of lumbar vertebrae through 
a side approach with an interbody 
device.

Transverse Process

Lateral bony projec ons from the 
sides of a vertebra.

Trial Spacer

Temporary implant used to test fit 
and alignment in spinal surgery.

V

ertebrae

The individual bones that make up 
the spine.

Vertebrectomy

Surgical removal of a vertebra.

Orthopedic

Spine

Orthopedic

Robotics

3D

 Imaging

Technique to produce three-
dimensional images of anatomical 
structures.

3D Reconstruction

Crea on of a three-dimensional 

model from pa ent scans for 
surgical planning.

A

cetabular 

Component

The part of a hip 

63

prosthesis that replaces the 
acetabulum (hip socket).

Acetabular Guide

Instrument used to guide implant 
placement in the acetabulum during 
hip replacement.

Acetabular Reamer

Tool used to prepare the 
acetabulum for a hip implant.

Acetabular Resection Guide

Guide used for resecting the 
acetabulum during hip replacement 
surgery.

Acetabulum

The hip socket that holds the 
femoral head in place.

Active Robotics

Fully automated robots are called 
active

Alignment Verification

Process of confirming proper 
alignment of implants during 
surgery.

Anatomic Landmarks

Key reference points on the body 
used to guide surgical procedures.

Articular Cartilage

Smooth tissue covering the ends of 
bones in joints for easy movement.

B

one Cement

Substance used to secure joint 
implants to the bone during joint 
replacement.

Bone Model

3D representa on of the pa ent’s 
bone structure used for surgical 
planning.

Bone Morphology

The study of the shape and 
structure of bones.

Bone Preparation

Process of shaping and preparing 

bone surfaces for implant 
placement.

Bone Resection

Surgical removal of bone tissue for 
prosthetic implanta on.

C

alibra on Check

Verifying the accuracy of the 
robotic system’s movements before 
or during surgery.

Cemented Fixation

Joint implant fixation using bone 
cement to secure the implant.

Cementless Fixation

Joint implant fixation 
without cement, relying 
on bone growth for stability.

Complication Rate

The frequency of 
complications 
occurring during 
or after a surgical 
procedure.

Component 
Sizing

Choosing the 
correct size of 
implant components based on the 
patient’s anatomy.

CT Scan

Imaging technique using X-rays to 
create detailed cross-sectional 
images.

Cutting Block

Guide block used to make precise 
bone cuts during joint replacement.

D

ynamic Assessment

Evaluation of joint func on and 
stability during surgery.

Orthopedic

Robotics

64

E

lectromagnetic Tracking

Tracking system using 
electromagnetic fields to monitor 
surgical instruments.

Extension Gap

The space between joint surfaces 
when the knee is straightened 
(extended).

F

emoral Component

The part of a joint prosthesis that 
replaces the femoral portion of the 
joint.

Femoral Condyle

The rounded ends of the femur that 
articulate with the tiia in the knee 
joint.

Femoral Guide

Instrument used to guide bone 
cutting or implant placement in the 
femur.

Femoral Head

The rounded upper part of the 
femur that fits into the hip socket.

Femoral Resection Guide

Guide used for accurately cutting 
the femur during knee or hip 
surgery.

Femoral Sizer

Tool used to measure the size of the 
femur to select the correct implant.

Flexion Gap

The space between joint surfaces 
when the knee is bent (flexed).

Force Sensors

Devices that measure forces 
applied during surgery to ensure 
safe handling of tissues.

H

aptic Feedback

Tactile feedback provided to the

surgeon through robotic systems.

I

mplant 

Durability

The lifespan 
and long-
term reliability of joint implants.

Implant Kinematics

Study of motion and forces applied 
on implants during joint movement.

Implant Positioning

The accurate placement of implants 
during surgery for optimal function.

Implant Stability

The long-term stability of an
implant after placement.

Instrument Docking

Process of a aching surgical 
instruments to the robotic system 
for operation.

Intraoperative Adjustments

Changes made during surgery 
based on real-time data and 
imaging.

Intraoperative Imaging

Imaging performed during surgery 
to guide and monitor procedures.

Intraoperative Navigation

Technology that guides surgeons 
during surgery for precise implant 
placement.

J

oint Alignment

Proper positioning of joint 
components for optimal function 
and balance.

Joint Kinematics

Study of the movement of a joint, 
often used in planning joint 
replacement.

Joint Line Restoration

Re-establishing the correct joint line 
height during joint replacement 
surgery.

Orthopedic

Robotics

65

Joint Stability

The ability of a joint to maintain its 
position during movement.

K

inematics

Study of motion, particularly joint 
movement without considering 
forces.

M

inimally Invasive Surgery 

(MIS)

Surgical techniques with smaller 
incisions to reduce recovery time.

Modular Implants

Implants that can be customized 
and adjusted during surgery for 
proper fit.

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a 
method of using magnetic field to 
visualize soft tissues, joints.

O

perating Room Integration

The incorporation of robotics into 
the workflow and layout of the 
operating room.

Optical Tracking

Tracking system using cameras and 
markers for real- me surgical 
navigation.

P

artial Joint Replacement

Replacement of part of a damaged 
joint while preserving the healthy 
section.

Passive Robotics

Semi-Automated robots or robots 
which act as navigation.

Patient Outcomes

The overall results and recovery 

experienced by the patient a er 
surgery.

Patient-Matched Technology

Technology designed specifically to 
match a patient’s unique anatomy.

Patient-Specific 
Instrumenta on (PSI)

Surgical tools customized for a 
patient's specific anatomy.

Periprosthetic Joint

The joint area surrounding a 
prosthesis.

Polyethylene Insert

Plastic insert placed between joint 
components in joint replacements.

Postoperative Care

Care provided to the patient 
following robotic-assisted surgery.

Postoperative Evaluation

Assessment of surgical outcomes 
through imaging and physical 
examination.

Precision Cutting

Highly accurate bone cuts made by 
robotic systems during surgery.

Preoperative Planning

Preparation before surgery using 
patient-specific data and imaging.

Preoperative  Scanning

Imaging performed before 
surgery to plan the procedure.

Press-Fit

Implant fixation technique where 
the implant is tightly fitted into the 
bone.

Prosthetic Alignment

Proper positioning of 
joint prosthetics to 
ensure function and 
longevity.

R

adiopaque 

Markers

Orthopedic

Robotics

66

Markers visible on imaging used for 
tracking and guiding surgery.

Range of Motion (ROM)

The extent of movement possible in 
a joint or body part.

Real-Time Feedback

Immediate information provided to 
the surgeon during  surgery for 
decision-making.

Recovery Time

The amount of time it takes for a 
patient to heal and return to normal 
function.

Registration Process

Process of aligning a patient’s 
anatomy to the robotic system for 
accurate guidance.

Rehabilitation Protocol

A set plan for recovery and physical 
therapy following surgery.

Robotic Arm

Mechanized arm that assists in 
surgery for enhanced precision and 
control.

Robotic Arm Trajectory

The planned path of the robotic 
arm during surgery to ensure 
accuracy.

Robotic Calibration

The process of adjusting 
the robotic system for 
accurate movement and precision.

Robotic-Assisted Surgery

Surgery performed with robotic 
systems to enhance precision and 
control.

S

oft Tissue Balancing

Adjustment of surrounding  tissues 
to ensure proper joint function 
post-surgery.

Soft Tissue Management

Techniques used to handle and 
protect soft tissues during surgery.

Software Update

Regular updates to robotic systems’ 
software to enhance functionality 
and accuracy.

Sterile Field

Area in surgery that is maintained 
free of contaminants to prevent 
infection.

Subchondral Bone

Bone just below the articular 
cartilage in a joint.

Surgeon Console

The control interface where the 
surgeon operates the robotic 
system.

Surgeon Ergonomics

The design and arrangement of 
surgical tools to enhance surgeon 
comfort and efficiency.

Surgeon Interface

The interface through which the 
surgeon interacts with the robotic 
system.

Surgical Accuracy

The precision with which a 
procedure is performed, often 
enhanced by robotics.

Surgical Planning Software

Software used to design and 
optimize surgical procedures.

Surgical Robot

Robotic system used to assist or 
perform surgeries with high 
precision.

Surgical Workflow

The sequence of processes and 
tasks followed during robotic 

Orthopedic

Robotics

67

Visual Navigation

Use of imaging technology to guide 
surgeons during robotic-assisted 
surgery.

W

ear Patterns

Areas of wear and tear on implants 
over time due to joint movement.

surgery.

System Maintenance

Routine checks and servicing of 
robotic systems to ensure proper 
function.

T

ibial Component

The part of a joint prosthesis that 
replaces the tibial portion of the 
joint.

Tibial Guide

Instrument used to guide bone 
cutting or implant placement in the 

tibia.

Tibial Plateau

The upper surface of the tibia that 
interacts with the femoral condyle.

Tibial Resection Guide

Guide used for cutting the tibia 
during knee replacement surgery.

Tibial Sizer

Tool used to measure the size of the 

tibia for implant selection.

Tissue Protection

Techniques and tools used to 
minimize damage to surrounding 

tissues during surgery.

Total Joint Replacement

Replacement of a damaged joint 
with a prosthetic joint through 
surgery.

Tracking System

System used to monitor the 
movement of surgical tools and 
patient anatomy.

Trial Implants

Temporary implants used to check 
fit and alignment during surgery.

V

irtual Boundaries

Predefined safe zones set within 
robotic systems to prevent 
unintended movement.

Orthopedic

Robotics

68

70

Endo-Surgery

Generic

such as blood vessels or intestines.

Antibacterial Coating

A surface coating on medical
devices to prevent bacterial growth
and infection.

Aponeurosis

A flat, broad tendon that connects
muscles to bones or other tissues.

B

ipolar Energy

A surgical technique using electrical
current between two electrodes for
precise tissue cutting and
coagulation.

Blunt Dissection

Surgical separation of tissues using
tools without sharp edges to
minimize damage.

C

apillary Action

The ability of a liquid to flow in
narrow spaces, often important in
wound healing and suturing.

Carcinoma

A type of cancer that originates
from epithelial cells, commonly
affecting skin or organ linings.

Coagulation

The process of blood clotting or
using devices to stop bleeding
during surgery.

Colostomy

A surgical procedure where a

portion of the colon is brought to
the abdominal surface to create an
opening (stoma) for waste removal.

Cutting Needle

A needle designed to cut through
tissue, typically used in suturing
dense or tough tissues.

D

issection

The careful separation of tissues to
expose underlying structures during
surgery.

Doxorubicin

A chemotherapy drug used to treat
various types of cancer by
interfering with cell division.

E

lectrosurgery

The use of electrical current to cut
tissue or coagulate blood vessels
during surgery.

Endoscopic Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery
performed using an endoscope to
view and operate on internal organs.

Endotoxin

A toxic substance released from the
cell walls of bacteria, causing
inflammation and infection.

Epidural Hematoma

A buildup of blood between the skull
and the dura mater, usually due to
head trauma.

Ethylene Oxide Sterilization

A method of sterilizing medical
devices using ethylene oxide gas to
kill bacteria and viruses.

F

ascial Closure

The suturing or closing of the fascial
layer (connective tissue) at the end
of surgery.

A

dhesion

  Prevention

    Methods used to

           prevent the
            formation of scar
             tissue that binds
             organs together
            after surgery.

Anastomosis

Surgical connection

between two tubular structures,

Endo-Surgery

Generic

Fibrin Glue

A biological adhesive used to
promote tissue healing and stop
bleeding during surgery.

Fixation Device

Surgical devices like screws or
plates used to stabilize and hold
tissues or bones in place.

G

astrointestinal Anastomosis

The surgical connection of two
sections of the gastrointestinal
tract.

H

emostasis

The process of stopping bleeding,
either naturally or through medical
intervention.

Hemostatic Agent

A substance used to promote the
clotting of blood and stop bleeding
during surgery.

Hydrogel

A water-based gel used in wound
care to maintain a moist
environment and promote healing.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction involving the
breakdown of a compound due to
reaction with water, relevant in
absorbable sutures.

I

ntraoperative Complication

An unexpected problem occurring
during surgery, such as bleeding or
organ injury.

L

aparoscopy

A minimally invasive surgical
procedure involving small incisions
and the use of a camera-equipped
laparoscope.

Ligature

A thread or wire used in surgery to
tie off blood vessels or tissues to
prevent bleeding.

Lymphadenectomy

Surgical removal of one or more
lymph nodes, typically to prevent
the spread of cancer.

M

astectomy

The surgical removal of one or both
breasts, usually to treat or prevent
breast cancer.

Microbial Barrier

A protective layer that prevents
bacteria from penetrating a surface,
often used in wound dressings.

Minimally Invasive Surgery

Surgery performed through small
incisions, causing less damage and
promoting faster recovery.

Mucosal Repair

The restoration of the mucous
membrane lining, usually after injury
or surgical intervention.

O

mentoplasty

The surgical use of the omentum (a
fold of the peritoneum) to cover or
support internal organs or wounds.

P

eritoneum

The membrane lining the abdominal
cavity and covering abdominal
organs.

Postoperative Adhesion

Scar tissue that forms after surgery,

71

72

Endo-Surgery

Generic

causing internal tissues or organs to
stick together.

R

adiopaque

A substance or material that does
not allow X-rays to pass through,
making it visible on radiographic
images.

Rectus Sheath

A fibrous layer that encloses the
rectus abdominis muscles in the
abdominal wall.

S

eroma Prevention

Methods used to prevent the
accumulation of fluid (seroma) at a
surgical site.

Sterile Field

A specially prepared area free from
microorganisms, maintained during
surgery to prevent infection.

T

horacoscopic Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery
performed on the chest cavity using
a thoracoscope.

Tissue Approximation

The bringing together of tissues
during surgery to promote healing,
typically using sutures or adhesives.

Tissue Integrity

The health and functional state of
tissue, crucial for proper healing
post-surgery.

Tissue Reinforcement

Strengthening of tissues, often using
surgical meshes or grafts to support
weak areas.

Trocar

A surgical instrument used to create
an opening in the body, commonly
used in laparoscopic surgeries.

Trocar Site Closure

The suturing or sealing of the
incision made by a trocar during
minimally invasive surgery.

W

ound Closure

The process of
sealing a wound
using sutures,
staples, or
adhesives
to promote healing.

Wound Healing

The physiological process by
which the body repairs tissue
damage after surgery or injury.

Wound Infection

The invasion of microorganisms into
a wound, leading to inflammation,
pus, and delayed healing.

Wound Retraction

The pulling back of wound edges,
which can occur post-surgery and
complicate healing.

Wound Strength

The tensile strength of a wound as it
heals, typically increasing as the
tissue regenerates.

Z

-Stitch

A suture technique that creates a
zigzag pattern to provide extra
strength and reduce tension in
wound closure.

73

Endo-Surgery

Sutures

A

bsorbable Suture

Suture designed to dissolve and be
absorbed by the body over time.

Aneurysm

An abnormal bulge in the wall of a
blood vessel.

Anesthesia

Administration of medications to
induce loss of sensation or
consciousness.

Anastomosis

Surgical connection between two
structures or organs.

Antimicrobial Coating

Coating that reduces or prevents
microbial growth on sutures.

Aortic Valve

Valve in the heart that controls
blood flow from the left ventricle to
the aorta.

Arterial Graft

Surgical replacement of an artery
using a graft.

Atrial Septal Defect

A congenital heart defect involving
a hole in the heart's atrial septum.

B

icaval Technique

Surgical technique for repairing
atrial septal defects involving both
vena cavae.

Bicuspid Valve

Heart valve with two cusps, also
known as the mitral valve.

Blunt Dissection

Surgical technique involving the
separation of tissues without
cutting.

Braided Suture

Suture made from multiple
interwoven threads for strength and
flexibility.

Bypass Surgery

Surgical procedure creating an
alternative route for blood flow.

C

ardioplegia

Induced temporary cessation of
heart activity during surgery.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Machine-assisted circulation and
oxygenation of blood during heart
surgery.

Carotid Artery

Major artery supplying blood to the
brain, neck, and face.

Cauterization

Use of heat to burn and seal tissues
to prevent bleeding.

Corneal Transplant

Surgical procedure to replace
damaged corneal tissue with healthy
donor tissue.

Coronary Artery Bypass
Grafting (CABG)

Surgery to bypass blocked coronary
arteries using grafts.

Cryoablation

Destruction of tissue using extreme
cold.

D

ermatoplasty

Surgical repair or reconstruction of
the skin.

Diathermy

Use of high-frequency electric
currents to treat tissues.

74

Endo-Surgery

Sutures

tissues during surgery.

Hypertrophic Scar

Thick, raised scar that forms due to
excessive collagen production.

I

ntrastromal Suture

Suture placed within the corneal
stroma, often for corneal surgery.

K

eratoplasty

Surgical procedure to reshape or
replace the cornea.

L

igature

Device or material used to tie off
blood vessels or ducts.

Ligation Clips

Clips used to occlude blood vessels
or ducts.

Linear Stapler

Stapler that places a row of staples
in a linear fashion.

M

astectomy

Surgical removal of one or both
breasts, often due to cancer.

Mitral Valve

Valve between the left atrium and
left ventricle of the heart.

E

electrocautery

Surgical technique using electrical
currents to cut or coagulate tissue.

Endothelial Cells

Cells lining the interior surface of
blood vessels and heart.

Epicardium

The outer layer of the heart's serous
pericardium.

Ethicon Sutures

Brand of surgical sutures known for
quality and variety.

Extracorporeal Membrane
Oxygenation (ECMO)

Machine that provides cardiac and
respiratory support outside the
body.

F

emoral Artery

Major artery in the thigh supplying
blood to the lower limbs.

Fibroplasia

Formation of fibrous tissue in
response to injury or surgery.

Fixation Suture

Suture used to secure tissues or
implants in place.

G

ore-Tex Suture

Suture made from a synthetic
material known for its strength and
biocompatibility.

H

eart Valve Replacement

Surgical procedure to replace a
damaged heart valve with a
prosthetic one.

Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding
during or after surgery.

Hydrodissection

Use of fluid to separate or dissect

75

Endo-Surgery

Sutures

Monofilament Suture

Single-strand suture known for its
smoothness and strength.

N

on-absorbable Suture

Suture that does not dissolve and
remains in the body permanently.

O

cular Trauma

Injury or damage to the eye.

Oculoplastic Surgery

Surgery involving the repair or
reconstruction of the eyelids or
surrounding structures.

Open Heart Surgery

Surgical procedures performed on
the heart through a large incision.

Ophthalmic Suture

Suture specifically designed for eye
surgeries.

Optic Nerve

Nerve that transmits visual
information from the retina to the
brain.

P

atch Graft

Graft used to repair or cover a
defect in tissue.

Pericardium

The membrane enclosing the heart.

Plastic Surgery

Surgery aimed at reconstructing or
enhancing body structures.

Polypropylene Suture

Suture made from polypropylene,
known for its strength and
durability.

Postoperative Complication

An issue or problem that arises
following surgery.

Prosthetic Valve

Artificial heart valve used to replace
a damaged valve.

R

efractive Surgery

Surgery aimed at correcting vision
problems.

Retinal Detachment

Separation of the retina from its
underlying tissue, which can impair
vision.

Retinal Reattachment

Surgical procedure to repair a
detached retina.

Retention Suture

Suture used to secure tissues and
maintain their position during
healing.

S

aphenous Vein

Large vein in the leg used for
grafting in bypass surgeries.

Scalp Closure

Closure of wounds or incisions on
the scalp.

Scar Revision

Surgical procedure to improve the
appearance of a scar.

Silk Suture

Suture made from silk, known for its
flexibility and strength.

Skin Graft

Transplant of skin to repair or

76

Endo-Surgery  

Sutures

replace damaged areas.

Spatulated Needle

Needle with a flattened, spatula-like
tip used for suturing delicate
tissues.

Stainless Steel Suture

Suture made from stainless steel,
known for its strength and corrosion
resistance.

Stenosis

Narrowing of a bodily passage or
opening.

Sterile Technique

Methods to maintain a clean,
infection-free environment during
surgery.

Sternotomy

Surgical incision into the sternum to
access the heart or chest cavity.

Subcutaneous Tissue

Tissue layer beneath the skin that
stores fat and provides insulation.

Suture Needle

Needle used to pass suture material
through tissues.

Suture Passer

Instrument used to insert or remove
sutures.

T

ensile Strength

The maximum amount of stress a
suture can withstand while being
stretched.

Tissue Adhesive

Adhesive used to bond tissue
surfaces together without sutures.

Tissue Bank

Facility where donated tissues are
stored for medical use.

Tissue Expansion

Technique to stretch and enlarge
tissue, often used in reconstructive
surgery.

Tissue Perfusion

Adequate blood flow to tissues to
support their health and healing.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve
Replacement 

Minimally invasive procedure to
replace aortic valve using a catheter.

Tricuspid Valve

Valve between the right atrium and
right ventricle of the heart.

Trocar

Instrument used to create an access
port in minimally invasive surgeries.

V

alve Annulus

The ring-like structure supporting a
heart valve.

Valve Leaflet

Flap-like structure of a heart valve
that
regulates blood flow.

Valve Repair

Surgical procedure to fix a
malfunctioning heart valve.

Vascular Graft

Graft used to replace or bypass
damaged blood vessels.

Vessel Ligation

Procedure to occlude or tie off
blood vessels to stop bleeding.

Vitrectomy

Surgical removal of the vitreous gel
from the eye.

W

ound Closure

The process of closing a wound to
facilitate healing.

77

Endo-Surgery  

Staplers

A

bsorbable Clip

A clip designed to be absorbed by 
the body over time, used to secure 
tissues.

Aneurysm

An abnormal bulge in the wall of a 
blood vessel.

Antimicrobial Coating

Coating that reduces or prevents 
microbial growth on medical 
devices.

Aorta

The largest artery in the body that 
carries blood from the heart.

Aortic Clamping

Application of a clamp to the aorta 
to control blood flow during surgery.

Arterial Ligation

Surgical procedure to close off an 
artery using a ligature.

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening and narrowing of the 
arteries due to plaque buildup.

B

ariatric Surgery

Surgical procedures aimed at weight 
loss by altering the digestive system.

Biliary Clip

A clip used to close off bile ducts 
during surgery.

Blunt Dissection

Surgical technique involving the 
separation of tissues without 
cutting.

Bypass Grafting

Surgical procedure creating an 

alternative route for blood flow.

C

apillary Action

Movement of fluids through small 
spaces due to surface tension.

Cardiovascular Surgery

Surgery performed on the heart and 
blood vessels.

Cauterization

Use of heat to burn and seal tissues 
to prevent bleeding.

Clip Cartridge

A device component that holds 
multiple clips for surgical use.

Clip Applicator

Instrument used to place clips 
during surgery.

Clip Deployment

Process of placing or applying a clip 
during surgery.

Clip Ligator

Tool used to apply clips to tissues or 
vessels.

Clip Retraction

Mechanism for withdrawing or 
adjusting clips during application.

Closure Integrity

The quality and reliability of a 
wound closure achieved with 
staplers.

Colorectal Surgery

Surgery performed on the colon and 
rectum.

Cutting Stapler

Stapler designed to cut and staple 
tissue simultaneously.

D

ermal Stapler

Stapler used for closing skin 
incisions.

Dissection

The process of separating or cutting 

Adhesion

Formation of abnormal 

tissue connections or 
scar tissue.

Anastomosis

Surgical connection 

                between two structures or 
              organs.

78

Endo-Surgery  

Staplers

tissue for surgical access.

E

lectrosurgery

Surgical technique using electrical
current to cut or coagulate tissue.

Endoscopic Clip

Clip used in endoscopic surgery to
secure tissues or structures.

Endoscopic Stapler

Stapler used in endoscopic
procedures to place staples.

Endoscopic Surgery

Minimally invasive surgery
performed using an endoscope.

Endothelial Cells

Cells lining the blood vessels and
heart.

Eversion Technique

Technique involving turning a
structure inside out for surgical
access.

F

emoral Artery

Artery supplying blood to the lower
limbs.

Fixation Clip

Clip used to hold tissues or
structures in place.

Fixation Suture

Suture used to secure tissues or
implants in place.

G

eneral Surgery

Broad category of surgery
involving various body systems.

Gastroplasty

Surgical procedure to alter the
stomach, often for weight loss.

Gynecologic Surgery

Surgery related to female
reproductive organs.

H

emostasis

Control or stopping of bleeding
during or after surgery.

Herniorrhaphy

Surgical repair of a hernia by
suturing the defect.

Hydrolysis

Chemical process where materials
break down in the presence of
water.

I

ntraoperative Hemorrhage

Bleeding that occurs during surgery.

K

not Security

Ensuring that surgical knots remain
secure to prevent suture failure.

L

aparoscopic Clip

Clip used in laparoscopic surgery for
tissue management.

Laparoscopic Stapler

Stapler used in laparoscopic
procedures for placing staples.

Laparoscopy

Minimally invasive surgical
technique using a laparoscope.

Ligation

The process of tying off a vessel or
duct to prevent blood flow or
drainage.

79

Endo-Surgery  

Staplers

Linear Stapler

Stapler that places a row of staples 
in a linear fashion.

Loop Ligation

Procedure using a looped suture or 
clip to tie off vessels or ducts.

Lumen Closure

Sealing of the internal space of a 
tubular structure.

M

inimally Invasive Surgery

Surgical techniques that require 
smaller incisions and cause less 
damage.

Monofilament Suture

Single-strand suture known for its 
smoothness and strength.

N

on-absorbable Clip

Clip that remains in the body 
permanently without being 
absorbed.

Non-absorbable Stapler

Stapler designed to remain in the 
body without degradation.

O

pen Surgery

Traditional surgery performed 
through large incisions.

P

eritoneal Closure

Closing of the peritoneal cavity after 
surgery.

Prophylactic Clip

Clip used to prevent complications 
or recurrence of a condition.

R

adiopaque Clip

Clip that is visible on X-rays for easy 
identification.

Rectus Sheath

Skin Stapler

Stapler designed specifically for 
closing skin wounds.

Sphincterotomy

Surgical incision into a sphincter 
muscle to relieve pressure or 
obstruction.

Spinal Surgery

Surgery performed on the spine 
and related structures.

Staple Line

The row of staples placed by a 
stapler during surgery.

Staple Removal

The process of removing staples 
after the wound has healed.

Stainless Steel Stapler

Stapler made from stainless steel 
for durability and resistance to 
corrosion.

Stenosis

Narrowing of a bodily passage or 
opening.

Sterile Field

A controlled area free from 
microorganisms to prevent 
infection.

Sternotomy

Surgical incision into the sternum to 

The connective tissue surrounding 
the rectus abdominis muscle.

Retention Suture

Suture used to maintain the position 
of tissues during healing.

S

aphenous Vein

Large vein in the leg used for 
grafting in bypass surgeries.

Serrated Stapler

Stapler with a serrated edge to grip 
and secure tissues.

80

Endo-Surgery  

Staplers

access the chest cavity.

Subcutaneous Closure

Closure of wounds beneath the skin
layer.

T

issue 

Approximation

Bringing tissue edges
 together for healing.

Tissue Adhesive

Substance used to bond tissues
together without sutures.

Tissue Integrity

Maintenance of tissue health and
function after surgical intervention.

Tissue Perfusion

Flow of blood through tissues to
maintain oxygenation and nutrient
supply.

Transanal Surgery

Surgery performed through the anal
canal.

Trocar Site

The entry point for a trocar used in
laparoscopic surgery.

Trocar Sterilization

Process of ensuring that trocars are 

free from microorganisms before
use.

V

ascular Clip

Clip used to occlude blood vessels
during surgery.

Vascular Stapler

Stapler designed for use in vascular
surgery to secure blood vessels.

Vein Graft

A surgical procedure using a vein to
bypass a blocked artery.

Vessel Ligation

Procedure to tie off blood vessels to
stop bleeding or divert blood flow.

W

ound Closure

The process of closing a wound or
incision to promote healing.

Wound Healing

The body's process of repairing
damaged tissue following an injury.

Wound Reinforcement

Strengthening of the wound site to
ensure proper healing and reduce
complications.

Vascular Intervention